{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:41:38Z","timestamp":1789742498415,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":337,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","ajgponline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T18:08:41Z","timestamp":1720462121000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Racial, Ethnic, and Age-Related Disparities in Sedation and Restraint Use for Older Adults in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Patelle","family":"Jivalagian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron J.","family":"Gettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Brinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruvil","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac V.","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bidisha","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Chang-Sing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Andrew","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ula","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrose H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0001","unstructured":"Caplan Z.U.S. Older population grew from 2010 to 2020 at fastest rate since 1880 to 1890. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/stories\/2023\/05\/2020-census-united-states-older-population-grew.html . Accessed March 1, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0002","unstructured":"Aging Ao. 2020 profile of older Americans. Administration on Aging. https:\/\/acl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/aging%20and%20Disability%20In%20America\/2020Profileolderamericans.final_.pd. Accessed March 1, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santo L, Schappert SM, Ashman JJ. Emergency department visit rates by adults with diabetes: United States, 2020\u20132021. 2023(487) (Journal Issue) (In eng). https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/134505. Accessed March 1, 2024.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:134505"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairns C, Kang K. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2021 emergency department summary tables. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhamcs\/web_tables\/2021-nhamcs-ed-web-tables-508.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2024.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:115748"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00339.x","article-title":"Delirium in older emergency department patients: recognition, risk factors, and psychomotor subtypes","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Emergency Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.06.020","article-title":"Physical restraint use in adult patients presenting to a general emergency department","volume":"73","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Emergency Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370304800509","article-title":"Adverse effects associated with physical restraint","volume":"48","author":"Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19381","article-title":"Experiences of individuals who were physically restrained in the emergency department","volume":"3","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2012.7.12527","article-title":"The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the American association for emergency psychiatry project BETA psychopharmacology workgroup","volume":"13","author":"Hays","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emergency Med"},{"issue":"9920","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","article-title":"Delirium in elderly people","volume":"383","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.2300","article-title":"Characterizing racial disparities in emergency department pediatric physical restraint by sex and age","volume":"177","author":"Tolliver","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.3348","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic disparities in physical restraint use for pediatric patients in the emergency department","volume":"175","author":"Nash","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-056667","article-title":"Disparities in pharmacologic restraint use in pediatric emergency departments","volume":"151","author":"Foster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.4832","article-title":"Racial disparities in emergency department physical restraint use","volume":"183","author":"Eswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202100474","article-title":"Association of black race with physical and chemical restraint use among patients undergoing emergency psychiatric evaluation","volume":"73","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.09.025","article-title":"Chemical agents for the sedation of agitated patients in the ED: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Korczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlt020","article-title":"Racial disparities in the use of physical restraints in U.S. nursing homes","volume":"38","author":"Cassie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Social Work"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.08.003","article-title":"Facility and county effects on racial differences in nursing home quality indicators","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17590","article-title":"Use of antipsychotic and sedative medications in older patients in the emergency department","volume":"70","author":"Kennedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.032","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics for agitation in older adults in the emergency department","volume":"67","author":"Engstrom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.12.036","article-title":"Rescue sedation when treating acute agitation in the emergency department with intramuscular antipsychotics","volume":"56","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14327","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in emergency department restraint use: a multicenter retrospective analysis","volume":"28","author":"Carreras Tartak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.12.012","article-title":"A balancing act: navigating fear, bias, safety, and equity in managing agitated patients","volume":"83","author":"Irvin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.09.014","article-title":"A qualitative study of racial, ethnic, and cultural experiences of minority clinicians during agitation care in the Emergency Department","volume":"83","author":"Agboola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20220533","article-title":"Experiences of black adults evaluated in a locked psychiatric emergency unit: a Qualitative Study","volume":"74","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-020-00582-7","article-title":"Understanding unequal ageing: towards a synthesis of intersectionality and life course analyses","volume":"18","author":"Holman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"issue":"9596","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6866","article-title":"The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA Psychopharmacology Workgroup","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14579","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in use of chemical restraint in the emergency department","volume":"29","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donovan AL, Petriceks AH, Paudel S, et al. Use of physical restraints in the Emergency Department. The primary care companion For CNS disorders 2023;25(3). DOI:10.4088\/PCC.22f03320.","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.22f03320"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17590","article-title":"Use of antipsychotic and sedative medications in older patients in the emergency department","volume":"70","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05676.x","article-title":"Emergency department length of stay independently predicts excess inpatient length of stay","volume":"179","author":"Liew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.35241","article-title":"Association of race\/ethnicity and other demographic characteristics with use of physical restraints in the emergency department","volume":"4","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0034","unstructured":"Quality AfHRa. Clinical classification software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM. (https:\/\/hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/ccs\/ccs.jsp)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.049","article-title":"Approach to the agitated emergency department patient","volume":"54","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.07.019","article-title":"Characteristics and severity of agitation associated with use of sedatives and restraints in the emergency department","volume":"57","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2009.07.003","article-title":"Physical and chemical restraints","volume":"27","author":"Coburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.35241","article-title":"Association of race\/ethnicity and other demographic characteristics with use of physical restraints in the emergency department","volume":"4","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022500","article-title":"Anticholinergic and sedative drug burden in community-dwelling older people: a national database study","volume":"8","author":"Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12253","article-title":"Association between sedating medications and delirium in older inpatients","volume":"61","author":"Rothberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02885.x","article-title":"Use of physical restraints with cognitively impaired nursing home residents","volume":"45","author":"Hamers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb05760.x","article-title":"Incidence of physical restraints on acute general medical wards","volume":"34","author":"Frengley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2023.05.008","article-title":"Characteristics of patients restrained in the emergency department and evaluation for disparities in care","volume":"65","author":"Stillman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.12.1475","article-title":"Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"288","author":"Lyketsos","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804766-8.00024-8","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia","volume":"167","author":"Radue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12110","article-title":"The agitated older adult in the emergency department: a narrative review of common causes and management strategies","volume":"1","author":"Kennedy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.03.005","article-title":"Risk factors for delirium in older adults in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12692","article-title":"Delirium risk prediction, healthcare use and mortality of elderly adults in the emergency department","volume":"62","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00339.x","article-title":"Delirium in older emergency department patients: recognition, risk factors, and psychomotor subtypes","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.10.6654","article-title":"Emergency department management of delirium in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Gower","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.5811\/WESTJEM.59383","article-title":"Emergency department length of stay is associated with delirium in older adults","volume":"24","author":"Elder","year":"2023","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.06.073","article-title":"Predictors of prolonged length of stay and adverse events among older adults with behavioral health-related emergency department visits: a systematic medical record review","volume":"50","author":"Rhodes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.02.004","article-title":"The unspoken inequities of our boarding crisis","volume":"82","author":"Kanzaria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.06.017","article-title":"Emergency department volume numbers don't tell the whole story: the rising toll of boarding and high-acuity care","volume":"82","author":"Phend","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17294\/2694-4715.1068","article-title":"Boarding of older adults: a concerning trend in the emergency department","volume":"5","author":"Van Baardwijk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Geriatr Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2021.1.49320","article-title":"Increased emergency department hallway length of stay is associated with development of delirium","volume":"22","author":"van Loveren","year":"2021","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0098","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in patient restraint in emergency departments by police transport status","volume":"7","author":"Chang-Sing","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.08.018","article-title":"Racial inequities in police transport for patients to the emergency department: a multicenter analysis","volume":"66","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0098","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in patient restraint in emergency departments by police transport status","volume":"7","author":"Chang-Sing","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2009.00545.x","article-title":"Mental health and emergency medicine: a research agenda","volume":"16","author":"Larkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059876","article-title":"Qualitative study of patient experiences and care observations during agitation events in the emergency department: implications for systems-based practice","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000441","article-title":"Discrimination comes in layers: Dimensions of discrimination and mental health for multiracial people","volume":"27","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minority Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17989","article-title":"Association between non-English language and use of physical and chemical restraints among medical inpatients with delirium","volume":"70","author":"Reppas-Rindlisbacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0064","unstructured":"Patten E. The Nation's Latino Population Is Defined by its Youth. Pew Research Center. (https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/hispanic\/2016\/04\/20\/the-nations-latino-population-is-defined-by-its-youth\/#:\u223c:text=With%20a%20median%20age%20of,49%25%20are %20younger%20than%2018)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6864","article-title":"Verbal de-escalation of the agitated patient: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA de-escalation workgroup","volume":"13","author":"Richmond","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-015-0095-y","article-title":"Factors affecting communication in emergency departments: doctors and nurses\u2019 perceptions of communication in a trilingual ED in Hong Kong","volume":"8","author":"Pun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21680","article-title":"A preliminary examination of the meaning and effect of limited literacy in the lives of people with serious mental illness","volume":"43","author":"Lincoln","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-015-9951-8","article-title":"Health literacy among people with serious mental illness","volume":"52","author":"Clausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comm Mental Health J"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz049","article-title":"Social determinants of health in mental health care and research: a case for greater inclusion","volume":"26","author":"Deferio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460020087034","article-title":"Health insurance coverage and utilization of health services by Mexican Americans, Mainland Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans","volume":"265","author":"Trevi\u00f1o","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12385","article-title":"The impact of health and health insurance literacy on access to care for Hispanic\/Latino communities","volume":"35","author":"Edward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.07.023","article-title":"Managing delirium and agitation in the older emergency department patient: the ADEPT tool","volume":"75","author":"Shenvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-020-00274-0","article-title":"How to think like an emergency care provider: a conceptual mental model for decision making in emergency care","volume":"13","author":"Al-Azri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0074","first-page":"S88","article-title":"Toward structural competency in emergency medical education","volume":"4","author":"Salhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEM Educ Training"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147782","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946373","article-title":"Using Blockchain for Electronic Health Records","volume":"7","author":"Shahnaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064748124003981?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064748124003981?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T13:01:58Z","timestamp":1733317318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1064748124003981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1064748124003981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-7481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-7481","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racial, Ethnic, and Age-Related Disparities in Sedation and Restraint Use for Older Adults in the Emergency Department","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}