{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:47:04Z","timestamp":1792788424821,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:00:44Z","timestamp":1791820844000},"page":"101418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative evaluation of classical and modified Tamra Bhasma: Acute oral toxicity, antimicrobial, and antioxidant profiles"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9150-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guruprasad C.","family":"Nille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritu Raj","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4501-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himanshu","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0776-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaresh Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6247-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9289-0271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay M.","family":"Shinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2220-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand Kumar","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib1","first-page":"368","volume":"373","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.139796","article-title":"Effect of tamrabhasma (calcined copper) on ponderal and biochemical parameters","volume":"21","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2015.11.001","article-title":"Acute and subchronic toxicity study of Tamra Bhasma (incinerated copper) prepared with and without Amritikarana","volume":"7","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02867385","article-title":"Toxicology and free radicals scavenging property of Tamra bhasma","volume":"18","author":"Pattanaik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.117433","article-title":"Acute and subchronic toxicity study of Tamra Bhasma (incinerated copper) prepared from Ashodhita (unpurified) and Shodhita (purified) Tamra in rats","volume":"75","author":"Jagtap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmaceut Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.23.2868","article-title":"Heavy metal content of Ayurvedic herbal medicine products","volume":"292","author":"Saper","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.8.915","article-title":"Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the internet","volume":"300","author":"Saper","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.06.015","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of a copper-based Indian traditional drug: tamra Bhasma","volume":"39","author":"Wadekar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.06.012","article-title":"Study on physical properties of Ayurvedic nanocrystalline Tamra Bhasma by employing modern scientific tools","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8520.110528","article-title":"Standard manufacturing procedure of Tamra Bhasma","volume":"33","author":"Jagtap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ayu"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.107348","article-title":"Quality control parameters for Tamra (copper) Bhasma","volume":"31","author":"Jagtap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ancient Sci Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8520.115440","article-title":"Review of research works done on Tamra Bhasma (incinerated copper) at Institute for Post-Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar","volume":"34","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ayu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib13","volume":"99","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib14","series-title":"Rasatarangini of kashinath sharma","first-page":"417","author":"Shastri","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib16","series-title":"Clinical and laboratory standards institute: performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 20th informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S2","author":"Wayne","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.50.4.459-467.1945","article-title":"The paper-disc agar-plate method for the assay of antibiotic substances","volume":"50","author":"De Beer","year":"1945","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.038","article-title":"Determination of DPPH free radical scavenging activity: application of artificial neural networks","volume":"194","author":"Musa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.06.012","article-title":"Study on physical properties of Ayurvedic nanocrystalline Tamra bhasma by employing modern scientific tools","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251082","article-title":"Synergistic effects of Cu-doped ZnOnanoantibiotic against Gram-positive bacterial strains","volume":"16","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75147-0","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Khairy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00955J","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan- and curcumin-capped copper oxide nanostructures against multi-drug-resistant microorganisms","volume":"7","author":"El-Kattan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.126980","article-title":"Bhasma: the ancient Indian nanomedicine","volume":"5","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adv Pharm Technol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.171730","article-title":"Nanotechnology in medicine: leads from ayurveda","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm BioAllied Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.10.053","article-title":"Toxicity of nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO and TiO2 to microalgae Pseudokirchneriellasubcapitata","volume":"407","author":"Aruoja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.06.026","article-title":"Integrated metabolomic analysis of the nano-sized copper particle-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats: a rapid in vivo screening method for nanotoxicity","volume":"232","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.10.003","article-title":"Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo","volume":"163","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.09.015","article-title":"Ultrahigh reactivity provokes nanotoxicity: explanation of oral toxicity of nano-copper particles","volume":"175","author":"Meng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.04.156","article-title":"Genotoxic potential of copper oxide nanoparticles in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"396","author":"Ahamed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)00136-C","article-title":"Comparison of the up-and-down conventional LD50 and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures","volume":"33","author":"Lipnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2000.1399","article-title":"Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals","volume":"32","author":"Olson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.905892","article-title":"Copper-containing nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial effect and application in dentistry-a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib34","article-title":"Copper: synthesis techniques in nanoscale and powerful application as an antimicrobial agent","volume":"1","author":"Camacho-Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nanomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01704-10","article-title":"Mechanisms of contact-mediated killing of yeast cells on dry metallic copper surfaces","volume":"77","author":"Quaranta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.2","article-title":"Antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane damage","volume":"1","author":"Santo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/16\/10\/059","article-title":"The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Morones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03323","article-title":"Green synthesis of copper oxide\/carbon nanocomposites using the leaf extract of Adhatodavasica Nees, their characterization and antimicrobial activity","volume":"6","author":"Bhavyasree","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.06.012","article-title":"Study on physical properties of Ayurvedic nanocrystalline Tamra Bhasma by employing modern scientific tools","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2021.100249","article-title":"Green synthesised copper and copper oxide based nanomaterials using plant extracts and their application in antimicrobial activity: review","volume":"5","author":"Bhavyasree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Res Green Sustain Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8520.169013","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared analysis of Tamra Bhasma at different levels: a preliminary study","volume":"36","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ayu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-020-00081-3","article-title":"Biogenic nanoparticles: a comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges","volume":"18","author":"Patil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0975947626001026?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0975947626001026?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:45Z","timestamp":1792787745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0975947626001026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0975947626001026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-9476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-9476","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative evaluation of classical and modified Tamra Bhasma: Acute oral toxicity, antimicrobial, and antioxidant profiles","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaim.2026.101418","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institute of Transdisciplinary Health Science and Technology and World Ayurveda Foundation.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101418"}}