{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:22:29Z","timestamp":1769170949705,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaci-inpractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,5]],"date-time":"2014-10-05T17:02:29Z","timestamp":1412528549000},"page":"671-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Developing and Emerging Clinical Asthma Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Pieter-Paul W.","family":"Hekking","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth H.","family":"Bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1982.1861","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical lecture on asthma and its treatment: delivered at the Hospital for Consumption, Brompton","volume":"2","author":"Martin","year":"1898","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)92290-3","article-title":"Mites and house-dust allergy","volume":"I","author":"Pepys","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1487","article-title":"Aspirin-induced asthma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"111","author":"Szczeklik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-26-5-734","article-title":"Aspirin allergy; its relationship to chronic intractable asthma","volume":"26","author":"Friedlaender","year":"1947","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12256","article-title":"Exacerbation-prone asthma: intrinsic to severe disease or a unique phenotype?","volume":"44","author":"Corren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12179","article-title":"Frequent exacerbators: a distinct phenotype of severe asthma","volume":"44","author":"Kupczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282f3b5b5","article-title":"Risk factors associated with irreversible airflow limitation in asthma","volume":"8","author":"ten Brinke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.44.9.693","article-title":"Cellular characteristics of sputum from patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis","volume":"44","author":"Gibson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.3.9812110","article-title":"Evidence that severe asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatory subtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics","volume":"160","author":"Wenzel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.7.643","article-title":"Non-eosinophilic asthma: importance and possible mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Douwes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01813-9","article-title":"Non-eosinophilic corticosteroid unresponsive asthma","volume":"353","author":"Pavord","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1619","article-title":"The preventable burden of productivity loss due to suboptimal asthma control: a population-based study","volume":"145","author":"Sadatsafavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01523.x","article-title":"The socio-economic burden of asthma is substantial in Europe","volume":"63","author":"Accordini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.04.040","article-title":"Asthma control, severity, and quality of life: quantifying the effect of uncontrolled disease","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200401000-00008","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of asthma","volume":"10","author":"Bel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.812011ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society statement: work-exacerbated asthma","volume":"184","author":"Henneberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.08.024","article-title":"Work-exacerbated asthma and occupational asthma: do they really differ?","volume":"131","author":"Lemiere","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1301758","article-title":"Occupational asthma","volume":"370","author":"Tarlo","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-010-0131-1","article-title":"Risk factors, predictors, and markers for work-related asthma and rhinitis","volume":"10","author":"Gautrin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00183508","article-title":"What is the role of genetics in occupational asthma?","volume":"33","author":"Mapp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqq171","article-title":"Smoking status and immunoglobulin E seropositivity to workplace allergens","volume":"61","author":"Adisesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07219-4","article-title":"Occupational asthma","volume":"349","author":"Venables","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101048","article-title":"Occupational asthma and occupational rhinitis: the united airways disease model revisited","volume":"70","author":"Ameille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2011.064865","article-title":"Association between cleaning-related chemicals and work-related asthma and asthma symptoms among healthcare professionals","volume":"69","author":"Arif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2013.757199","article-title":"Occupational exposure to poultry dust and effects on the respiratory system in workers","volume":"76","author":"Viegas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.4.831","article-title":"Comparison of peak expiratory flow rate and FEV1 in assessing bronchomotor tone after challenges with occupational sensitizers","volume":"99","author":"Berube","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0337ST","article-title":"Official American Thoracic Society technical standards: spirometry in the occupational setting","volume":"189","author":"Redlich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00180313","article-title":"Specific inhalation challenge in the diagnosis of occupational asthma: consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2776","article-title":"When should specific occupational challenge tests be performed?","volume":"143","author":"Tarlo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2081","article-title":"Investigation of occupational asthma: sputum cell counts or exhaled nitric oxide?","volume":"137","author":"Lemiere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0641","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide and screening for occupational asthma in two at-risk sectors: bakery and hairdressing","volume":"18","author":"Florentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.005","article-title":"Noneosinophilic responders with occupational asthma: a phenotype associated with a poor asthma prognosis","volume":"133","author":"Lemiere","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507133330207","article-title":"Occupational asthma","volume":"333","author":"Chan-Yeung","year":"1995","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-9-7","article-title":"Asthma caused by occupational exposures is common: a systematic analysis of estimates of the population-attributable fraction","volume":"9","author":"Toren","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60082-9","article-title":"Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"383","author":"Been","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.1574","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and inflammatory biomarkers in current smokers and exsmokers with severe asthma","volume":"131","author":"Thomson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.80.5.530","article-title":"Passive smoking. Effects on bronchial asthma","volume":"80","author":"Dahms","year":"1981","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000330900","article-title":"The impact of cigarette smoking on asthma: a population-based international cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Cerveri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib39","first-page":"79","article-title":"Sputum in asthma","volume":"63","author":"Turner-Warwick","year":"1987","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810223391703","article-title":"A\u00a015-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma","volume":"339","author":"Lange","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.6.9812100","article-title":"Risk factors for growth and decline of lung function in asthmatic individuals up to age 42 years. A 30-year follow-up study","volume":"160","author":"Grol","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200511-1746OC","article-title":"Smoking affects response to inhaled corticosteroids or leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma","volume":"175","author":"Lazarus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.09.85","article-title":"Challenges of treating asthma in people who smoke","volume":"6","author":"Spears","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.005","article-title":"Predictors for the development of progressive severity in new-onset adult asthma","author":"Westerhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-16","article-title":"Greater severity of new onset asthma in allergic subjects who smoke: a 10-year longitudinal study","volume":"12","author":"Polosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-204","article-title":"Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey","volume":"12","author":"To","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib47","series-title":"The European Tobacco Control Status Report","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.42.5.361","article-title":"Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in a rural adult population","volume":"42","author":"Woolcock","year":"1987","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.43.7.534","article-title":"Prospective study of asthma in relation to smoking habits among 14,729 adults","volume":"43","author":"Vesterinen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009996","article-title":"Increased effects of smoking and obesity on asthma among female Canadians: the National Population Health Survey, 1994-1995","volume":"150","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9912030","article-title":"Onset and remission of allergic rhinitis and asthma and the relationship with atopic sensitization and smoking","volume":"162","author":"Plaschke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.041","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is associated with a greater risk of incident asthma in allergic rhinitis","volume":"121","author":"Polosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(82)90148-8","article-title":"The relationship between smoking and total immunoglobulin E levels","volume":"69","author":"Warren","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.005","article-title":"Maternal smoking affects lung function and airway inflammation in young children with multiple-trigger wheeze","volume":"131","author":"Kalliola","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-722OC","article-title":"Regular smoking and asthma incidence in adolescents","volume":"174","author":"Gilliland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.006","article-title":"Phenotypes determined by cluster analysis in severe or difficult-to-treat asthma","volume":"133","author":"Schatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0501OC","article-title":"Maternal smoking in pregnancy and asthma in preschool children: a pooled analysis of eight birth cohorts","volume":"186","author":"Neuman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.2.2006009","article-title":"Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children","volume":"163","author":"Gilliland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.035","article-title":"Early-life determinants of asthma from birth to age 20 years: a German birth cohort study","volume":"133","author":"Grabenhenrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0323OC","article-title":"Persistent effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on lung function and asthma in adolescents","volume":"189","author":"Hollams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00098.x","article-title":"Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic literature review","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60617-6","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and asthma","volume":"383","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00031112","article-title":"Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network)","volume":"42","author":"Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1674-1","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on lung function and symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in primary school children","volume":"20","author":"Altug","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.020","article-title":"Acute respiratory health effects of air pollution on children with asthma in US inner cities","volume":"121","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900844","article-title":"Short-term effects of PM10 and NO2 on respiratory health among children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Weinmayr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.12.2106126","article-title":"Living near a main road and the risk of wheezing illness in children","volume":"164","author":"Venn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3282f1987a","article-title":"Recent evidence for adverse effects of residential proximity to traffic sources on asthma","volume":"14","author":"Salam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.110031","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution correlates with adult-onset asthma among never-smokers","volume":"64","author":"Kunzli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00116109","article-title":"Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children","volume":"36","author":"Penard-Morand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.001","article-title":"Motor vehicle air pollution and asthma in children: a meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Gasana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2600","article-title":"Air pollution and prevalence of bronchitic symptoms among children in Taiwan","volume":"138","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2002.10470842","article-title":"Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0515OC","article-title":"Ozone induces a pro-inflammatory response in primary human bronchial epithelial cells through MAP kinase activation without NF-kappaB activation","volume":"51","author":"McCullough","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0264OC","article-title":"Early-life air pollution and asthma risk in minority children. The GALA II and SAGE II studies","volume":"188","author":"Nishimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.035","article-title":"Associations between ozone, PM2.5, and four pollen types on emergency department pediatric asthma events during the warm season in New Jersey: a case-crossover study","volume":"132","author":"Gleason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0437ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction","volume":"187","author":"Parsons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131080-00005","article-title":"Prevalence and mechanisms of development of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness in athletes","volume":"31","author":"Langdeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.07.003","article-title":"Asthma and the elite athlete: summary of the International Olympic Committee\u2019s consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008","volume":"122","author":"Fitch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.06.014","article-title":"Exercise and other indirect challenges to demonstrate asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes","volume":"122","author":"Rundell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370304502","article-title":"High levels of airborne ultrafine and fine particulate matter in indoor ice arenas","volume":"15","author":"Rundell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(99)90039-2","article-title":"Non-invasive evaluation of lower airway inflammation in hyper-responsive elite cross-country skiers and asthmatics","volume":"93","author":"Sue-Chu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200004000-00003","article-title":"Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes","volume":"32","author":"Wilber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31s","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1689","article-title":"Bronchial challenges and respiratory symptoms in elite swimmers and winter sport athletes: airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: its measurement and clinical significance","volume":"138","author":"Bougault","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.107749","article-title":"Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes","volume":"106","author":"Helenius","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9907025","article-title":"Evidence of airway inflammation and remodeling in ski athletes with and without bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine","volume":"161","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00112403","article-title":"Airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in elite ice hockey players","volume":"22","author":"Lumme","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000074581.08023.25","article-title":"Airway cells after swimming outdoors or in the sea in nonasthmatic athletes","volume":"35","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1413","article-title":"Perception of bronchoconstriction following methacholine and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenges in elite athletes","volume":"145","author":"Couillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.12.983","article-title":"Asthma outcomes: exacerbations","volume":"129","author":"Fuhlbrigge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0896OC","article-title":"Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program","volume":"181","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00202013","article-title":"International ERS\/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009","author":"Akinbami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9906075","article-title":"Recurrent exacerbations in severe asthma are associated with enhanced airway closure during stable episodes","volume":"161","author":"in\u2018t Veen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00037905","article-title":"Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma","volume":"26","author":"ten Brinke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.042","article-title":"Unsupervised phenotyping of Severe Asthma Research Program participants using expanded lung data","volume":"133","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2013.11.013","article-title":"Clinical burden and predictors of asthma exacerbations in patients on guideline-based steps 4-6 asthma therapy in the TENOR cohort","volume":"2","author":"Calhoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00145105","article-title":"TENOR risk score predicts healthcare in adults with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma","volume":"28","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2011026","article-title":"Factors associated with persistent airflow limitation in severe asthma","volume":"164","author":"ten Brinke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03977.x","article-title":"Non-atopic males with adult onset asthma are at risk of persistent airflow limitation","volume":"42","author":"Amelink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12136","article-title":"Three phenotypes of adult-onset asthma","volume":"68","author":"Amelink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.113047","article-title":"Persistent airflow limitation in adult-onset nonatopic asthma is associated with serologic evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection","volume":"107","author":"ten Brinke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.08.030","article-title":"Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae serology and asthma in adults: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"116","author":"Pasternack","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.054080","article-title":"FEV1 decline in occupational asthma","volume":"61","author":"Anees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-230OC","article-title":"Decline in lung function in the Busselton Health Study: the effects of asthma and cigarette smoking","volume":"171","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2013.793706","article-title":"Fixed airflow obstruction among nonsmokers with asthma:a case-comparison study","volume":"50","author":"Sexton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00077803","article-title":"Parameters associated with persistent airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma","volume":"24","author":"Bumbacea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0713","article-title":"Risk factors associated with persistent airflow limitation in severe or difficult-to-treat asthma: insights from the TENOR study","volume":"132","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.003","article-title":"Fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 5-year follow-up","volume":"125","author":"Contoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e328011391c","article-title":"Cough and asthma","volume":"13","author":"Abouzgheib","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197903223001201","article-title":"Chronic cough as the sole presenting manifestation of bronchial asthma","volume":"300","author":"Corrao","year":"1979","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92801-8","article-title":"Chronic cough: eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma","volume":"I","author":"Gibson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012705","article-title":"Mast-cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma","volume":"346","author":"Brightling","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-009-9163-5","article-title":"Cough due to asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis","volume":"188","author":"Brightling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440380091009","article-title":"Interpretation of positive results of a methacholine inhalation challenge and 1 week of inhaled bronchodilator use in diagnosing and treating cough-variant asthma","volume":"157","author":"Irwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2005.00709.x","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical features of cough variant asthma in a general internal medicine outpatient clinic in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Shirahata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0441","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective, multicenter survey on causes of chronic cough in China","volume":"143","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.5.1142","article-title":"Causes and clinical features of subacute cough","volume":"129","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib119","first-page":"477","article-title":"Age of onset of asthma","volume":"II","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1754OC","article-title":"Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes","volume":"178","author":"Haldar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.052","article-title":"Severe adult-onset asthma: a distinct phenotype","volume":"132","author":"Amelink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.125600","article-title":"Incidence and remission of asthma: a retrospective study on the natural history of asthma in Italy","volume":"110","author":"De Marco","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.10.041","article-title":"Distinguishing severe asthma phenotypes: role of age at onset and eosinophilic inflammation","volume":"113","author":"Miranda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102987","article-title":"Statistical cluster analysis of the British Thoracic Society Severe Refractory Asthma Registry: clinical outcomes and phenotype stability","volume":"9","author":"Newby","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301882","article-title":"Modeling US Adult Obesity Trends: a system dynamics model for estimating energy imbalance gap","volume":"104","author":"Fallah-Fini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib126","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Overweight and Obesity (Online). Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/data\/trends.html. Accessed August 1, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04040.x","article-title":"Asthma and obesity","volume":"43","author":"Boulet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2012.05.002","article-title":"Effects of obesity and weight loss on airway physiology and inflammation in asthma","volume":"26","author":"Sideleva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.011","article-title":"Sputum neutrophil counts are associated with more severe asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis","volume":"133","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200611-1717OC","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies","volume":"175","author":"Beuther","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.11.050","article-title":"The epidemiology of obesity and asthma","volume":"115","author":"Ford","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.001","article-title":"Body mass index trajectory classes and incident asthma in childhood: results from 8 European Birth Cohorts: a Global Allergy and Asthma European Network initiative","volume":"131","author":"Rzehak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001669","article-title":"Effects of BMI, fat mass, and lean mass on asthma in childhood: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"11","author":"Granell","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.12.1082","article-title":"Preterm birth, infant weight gain, and childhood asthma risk: a meta-analysis of 147,000 European children","volume":"133","author":"Sonnenschein-van der Voort","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036631","article-title":"Cluster analysis of obesity and asthma phenotypes","volume":"7","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.06.024","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and asthma severity and control in adults","volume":"122","author":"Mosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.483113","article-title":"Effect of increased body mass index on asthma risk, impairment and response to asthma controller therapy in African Americans","volume":"26","author":"Camargo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02748.x","article-title":"Effect of obesity on airway inflammation: a cross-sectional analysis of body mass index and sputum cell counts","volume":"37","author":"Todd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01597.x","article-title":"Airway inflammation in obese and nonobese patients with difficult-to-treat asthma","volume":"63","author":"van Veen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0872","article-title":"Obesity-associated severe asthma represents a distinct clinical phenotype: analysis of the British Thoracic Society Difficult Asthma Registry Patient cohort according to BMI","volume":"143","author":"Gibeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69290-8","article-title":"Asthma: defining of the persistent adult phenotypes","volume":"368","author":"Wenzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2678","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches","volume":"18","author":"Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328013e3c2","article-title":"Quantitative sputum cell counts as a marker of airway inflammation in clinical practice","volume":"7","author":"Hargreave","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12345","article-title":"Full blood count parameters for the detection of asthma inflammatory phenotypes","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9903097","article-title":"Induced sputum cell counts in healthy adults","volume":"161","author":"Belda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9908057","article-title":"Induced sputum cellularity. Reference values and distribution in normal volunteers","volume":"162","author":"Spanevello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.02.008","article-title":"Analyses of asthma severity phenotypes and inflammatory proteins in subjects stratified by sputum granulocytes","volume":"125","author":"Hastie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808991","article-title":"Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma","volume":"360","author":"Haldar","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805435","article-title":"Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia","volume":"360","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60988-X","article-title":"Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Pavord","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-354OC","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count is a useful biomarker to identify patients with severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"11","author":"Katz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61536-6","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"382","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib153","article-title":"Biological clustering supports both \u201cDutch\u201d and \u201cBritish\u201d hypotheses of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","author":"Ghebre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3300","article-title":"Eosinophils in the spotlight: eosinophilic airway inflammation in nonallergic asthma","volume":"19","author":"Brusselle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03854.x","article-title":"Molecular and clinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of interleukin-5 and its receptor","volume":"42","author":"Molfino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200404-440OC","article-title":"\u201cRefractory\u201d eosinophilic airway inflammation in severe asthma: effect of parenteral corticosteroids","volume":"170","author":"ten Brinke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11679-5","article-title":"Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Green","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.1.9809100","article-title":"Changes in sputum eosinophils predict loss of asthma control","volume":"161","author":"Jatakanon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00137704","article-title":"Determining asthma treatment by monitoring sputum cell counts: effect on exacerbations","volume":"27","author":"Jayaram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403290","article-title":"Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"371","author":"Ortega","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403291","article-title":"Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic Asthma","volume":"371","author":"Bel","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542168","article-title":"Inflammatory cell populations in bronchial biopsies from aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects","volume":"153","author":"Nasser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61323-3","article-title":"Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis as a predictor of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"94","author":"Mascia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201109-1640OC","article-title":"A\u00a0large subgroup of mild-to-moderate asthma is persistently noneosinophilic","volume":"185","author":"McGrath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.126722","article-title":"Effects of steroid therapy on inflammatory cell subtypes in asthma","volume":"65","author":"Cowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.06.029","article-title":"Consistency of sputum eosinophilia in difficult-to-treat asthma: a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"124","author":"van Veen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12445","article-title":"Stability of phenotypes defined by physiological variables and biomarkers in adults with asthma","volume":"69","author":"Kupczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.2.91","article-title":"Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma","volume":"53","author":"Jatakanon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.124925","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide thresholds associated with a sputum eosinophil count >\/=3% in a cohort of unselected patients with asthma","volume":"65","author":"Schleich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02314.x","article-title":"The use of exhaled nitric oxide concentration to identify eosinophilic airway inflammation: an observational study in adults with asthma","volume":"35","author":"Berry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.03.020","article-title":"Measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy subjects age 4 to 17 years","volume":"115","author":"Buchvald","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2928","article-title":"Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide at 50 mL\/s: reference values for adult lifelong never-smokers","volume":"131","author":"Olin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14d28.x","article-title":"Influence of atopy on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma and rhinitis","volume":"14","author":"Gratziou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7543345","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide","volume":"152","author":"Kharitonov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043596","article-title":"Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma","volume":"352","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.09.029","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide identifies the persistent eosinophilic phenotype in severe refractory asthma","volume":"116","author":"Silkoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106469","article-title":"Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma","volume":"365","author":"Corren","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00784.x","article-title":"Inflammatory subtypes in asthma: assessment and identification using induced sputum","volume":"11","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib179","first-page":"P3980","article-title":"Inhaled pitrakinra, an IL-4\/IL-13 antagonist, reduced exacerbations in patients with eosinophilic asthma","author":"Wenzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/5\/2\/024001","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of exhaled biomarkers in lung transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Yates","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Breath Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.08.002","article-title":"Th17-mediated inflammation in asthma","volume":"25","author":"Newcomb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.6.1917","article-title":"Smoking and airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma","volume":"120","author":"Chalmers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)31427-6","article-title":"The influence of age on induced sputum differential cell counts in normal subjects","volume":"126","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1134","article-title":"Airway inflammatory responses following exposure to occupational agents","volume":"141","author":"Prince","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12079","article-title":"Relationship between airway neutrophilia and ageing in asthmatics and non-asthmatics","volume":"18","author":"Brooks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01686.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of asthma in Olympic athletes: practical implications","volume":"63","author":"Haahtela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100645","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100645","article-title":"Potentially pathogenic airway bacteria and neutrophilic inflammation in treatment resistant severe asthma","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.10.875","article-title":"Analysis of induced sputum in adults with asthma: identification of subgroup with isolated sputum neutrophilia and poor response to inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"57","author":"Green","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0049","article-title":"A\u00a0multivariate analysis of risk factors for the air-trapping asthmatic phenotype as measured by quantitative CT analysis","volume":"135","author":"Busacker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0174","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of high-resolution CT scans in severe asthma","volume":"136","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01047-1","article-title":"Association of forced expiratory volume with disease duration and sputum neutrophils in chronic asthma","volume":"112","author":"Little","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.5.9806170","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma","volume":"160","author":"Jatakanon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04014.x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a CXCR2 antagonist in patients with severe asthma and sputum neutrophils: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Nair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000017","article-title":"Is there a role for macrolides in severe asthma?","volume":"20","author":"Brusselle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612820666140314115505","article-title":"System medicine approaches for the definition of complex phenotypes in chronic diseases and ageing. from concept to implementation and policies","author":"Bousquet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00033208","article-title":"The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI): a new opportunity for scientific collaboration between academia and industry at the European level","volume":"31","author":"Kamel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221321981400405X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221321981400405X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:07:12Z","timestamp":1761973632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221321981400405X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S221321981400405X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2198","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Developing and Emerging Clinical Asthma Phenotypes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}