{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:45:22Z","timestamp":1792755922104,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006259","name":"Teva Pharmaceutical Industries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006259","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI104317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI104317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 AI160040-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 AI160040-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007560","name":"Chiesi Farmaceutici","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaci-inpractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T02:20:04Z","timestamp":1642818004000},"page":"673-681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Rhinovirus Infections and Their Roles in Asthma: Etiology and Exacerbations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Gern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.7.3.335-340.1973","article-title":"Cross relationships among 37 rhinoviruses demonstrated by virus neutralization with potent monotypic rabbit antisera","volume":"7","author":"Cooney","year":"1973","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.030","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic bacteria during rhinovirus infection is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations","volume":"133","author":"Kloepfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.11.034","article-title":"The September epidemic of asthma hospitalization: school children as disease vectors","volume":"117","author":"Johnston","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04520-6","article-title":"Recommendations for the nomenclature of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses","volume":"165","author":"Simmonds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20689","article-title":"Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections","volume":"78","author":"Arden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421178112","article-title":"Cadherin-related family member 3, a childhood asthma susceptibility gene product, mediates rhinovirus C binding and replication","volume":"112","author":"Bochkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200407-970OC","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative analysis of rhinovirus infection in bronchial tissues","volume":"171","author":"Mosser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix455","article-title":"Rhinovirus viremia in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"216","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001178","article-title":"Co-ordinated role of TLR3, RIG-I and MDA5 in the innate response to rhinovirus in bronchial epithelium","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.109","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced modulation of gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with asthma","volume":"3","author":"Bochkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.07.029","article-title":"Effect of exogenous interferons on rhinovirus replication and airway inflammatory responses","volume":"111","author":"Becker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0347-8","article-title":"Transcriptome networks identify mechanisms of viral and nonviral asthma exacerbations in children","volume":"20","author":"Altman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12269","article-title":"Interferon gene expression in sputum cells correlates with the Asthma Index Score during virus-induced exacerbations","volume":"44","author":"Schwantes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1462OC","article-title":"A\u00a0mechanistic role for type III IFN-lambda1 in asthma exacerbations mediated by human rhinoviruses","volume":"185","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800178","article-title":"Upper airway cell transcriptomics identify a major new immunological phenotype with strong clinical correlates in young children with acute wheezing","volume":"202","author":"Khoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0004OC","article-title":"Rhinovirus C15 induces airway hyperresponsiveness via calcium mobilization in airway smooth muscle","volume":"62","author":"Parikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202010-3753OC","article-title":"Enhanced neutralizing antibody responses to rhinovirus C and age-dependent patterns of infection","volume":"203","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0120OC","article-title":"Effects of omalizumab on rhinovirus infections, illnesses, and exacerbations of asthma","volume":"196","author":"Esquivel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.029","article-title":"Effects of rhinovirus species on viral replication and cytokine production","volume":"134","author":"Nakagome","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211592","article-title":"Rhinovirus wheezing illness and genetic risk of childhood-onset asthma","volume":"368","author":"Caliskan","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30011-4","article-title":"Expression quantitative trait locus fine mapping of the 17q12-21 asthma locus in African American children: a genetic association and gene expression study","volume":"8","author":"Ober","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190545","article-title":"Gasdermins and their role in immunity and inflammation","volume":"216","author":"Orning","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2830","article-title":"A\u00a0genome-wide association study identifies CDHR3 as a susceptibility locus for early childhood asthma with severe exacerbations","volume":"46","author":"Bonnelykke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0220OC","article-title":"CDHR3 asthma-risk genotype affects susceptibility of airway epithelium to rhinovirus C infections","volume":"61","author":"Basnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.01.052","article-title":"Functional genomics of CDHR3 confirms its role in HRV-C infection and childhood asthma exacerbations","volume":"144","author":"Everman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-1021OC","article-title":"Cadherin-related family member 3 genetics and rhinovirus C respiratory illnesses","volume":"197","author":"Bonnelykke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0716OC","article-title":"The influence of neonatal lung function on rhinovirus-associated wheeze","volume":"183","author":"van der Zalm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.06.037","article-title":"Decreased lung function after preschool wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in children at risk to develop asthma","volume":"128","author":"Guilbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.01.067","article-title":"Human rhinovirus infection enhances airway epithelial cell production of growth factors involved in airway remodeling","volume":"121","author":"Leigh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2010.01059.x","article-title":"Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus-, but not other virus-, induced wheezing in children","volume":"21","author":"Jartti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC","article-title":"Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children","volume":"178","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.669","article-title":"Early-life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma","volume":"119","author":"Kusel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052632","article-title":"Childhood asthma after bacterial colonization of the airway in neonates","volume":"357","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.008","article-title":"The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development","volume":"17","author":"Teo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.005","article-title":"Airway microbiota dynamics uncover a critical window for interplay of pathogenic bacteria and allergy in childhood respiratory disease","volume":"24","author":"Teo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009","article-title":"Developmental patterns in the nasopharyngeal microbiome during infancy are associated with asthma risk","volume":"147","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.11.002","article-title":"Integrated-omics endotyping of infants with rhinovirus bronchiolitis and risk of childhood asthma","volume":"147","author":"Raita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.020","article-title":"Neonatal rhinovirus induces mucous metaplasia and airways hyperresponsiveness through IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"134","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1812OC","article-title":"Palivizumab prophylaxis in preterm infants and subsequent recurrent wheezing: 6 year follow up study","volume":"196","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.05.026","article-title":"The effect of respiratory syncytial virus on subsequent recurrent wheezing in atopic and nonatopic children","volume":"126","author":"Simoes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230160020004","article-title":"Viruses as precipitants of asthmatic attacks in children","volume":"227","author":"Minor","year":"1974","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3109\/15513818309040669","article-title":"Sudden death of an infant with rhinovirus infection complicating bronchial asthma: case report","volume":"1","author":"Las Heras","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.8.x","article-title":"The childhood origins of asthma (COAST) study","volume":"13","author":"Lemanske","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2801","article-title":"The microbiology of asthma","volume":"10","author":"Edwards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.038","article-title":"Comparison of risk factors for viral and nonviral asthma exacerbations","volume":"136","author":"Coleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00267","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00267-2019","article-title":"Inflammatory and microbiological associations with near-fatal asthma requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201406-1039OC","article-title":"IL-33-dependent type 2 inflammation during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in\u00a0vivo","volume":"190","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.028","article-title":"The influence of asthma control on the severity of virus-induced asthma exacerbations","volume":"136","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.10.053","article-title":"Characterization of severe asthma worldwide","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215168","article-title":"Characterisation of patients with severe asthma in the UK Severe Asthma Registry in the biologic era","volume":"76","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib51","article-title":"Factors associated with frequent exacerbations in the UK Severe Asthma Registry","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462","article-title":"Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations","volume":"12","author":"Contoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.04.003","article-title":"Bronchial mucosal IFN-alpha\/beta and pattern recognition receptor expression in patients with experimental rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations","volume":"143","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.03.033","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive evaluation of nasal and bronchial cytokines and chemokines following experimental rhinovirus infection in allergic asthma: increased interferons (IFN-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03bb) and type 2 inflammation (IL-5 and IL-13)","volume":"19","author":"Hansel","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102734","article-title":"M1-like macrophages are potent producers of anti-viral interferons and M1-associated marker-positive lung macrophages are decreased during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations","volume":"54","author":"Nikonova","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.04.013","article-title":"Eosinophilic and noneosinophilic asthma: an expert consensus framework to characterize phenotypes in a global real-life severe asthma cohort","volume":"160","author":"Heaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00367-7","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count and prospective annual asthma disease burden: a UK cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009124","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced IL-25 in asthma exacerbation drives type 2 immunity and allergic pulmonary inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Beale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2016.1244262","article-title":"Are emerging PGD2 antagonists a promising therapy class for treating asthma?","volume":"21","author":"Farne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0011OC","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced CCL17 and CCL22 in asthma exacerbations and differential regulation by STAT6","volume":"64","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib61","author":"Farne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202010-3754OC","article-title":"Pulmonary innate lymphoid cell responses during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in\u00a0vivo: a clinical trial","volume":"204","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4332","article-title":"Host DNA released by NETosis promotes rhinovirus-induced type-2 allergic asthma exacerbation","volume":"23","author":"Toussaint","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ062","article-title":"Interleukin-18 is associated with protection against rhinovirus-induced colds and asthma exacerbations","volume":"60","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1767OC","article-title":"Comparison of viral load in individuals with and without asthma during infections with rhinovirus","volume":"189","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14985","article-title":"Experimental rhinovirus infection induces an antiviral response in circulating B cells which is dysregulated in patients with asthma","volume":"77","author":"Wirz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.05.045","article-title":"Loss of regulatory capacity in Treg cells following rhinovirus infection","volume":"148","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01191-2","article-title":"Ability of serum IgE concentration to predict exacerbation risk and benralizumab efficacy for patients with severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"37","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00124-7","article-title":"Baseline FeNO as a prognostic biomarker for subsequent severe asthma exacerbations in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma receiving placebo in the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study: a post-hoc analysis","volume":"9","author":"Busse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3308","article-title":"Type I interferon restricts type 2 immunopathology through the regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"17","author":"Duerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.051","article-title":"IL-33 drives influenza-induced asthma exacerbations by halting innate and adaptive antiviral immunity","volume":"143","author":"Ravanetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.023","article-title":"Innate immune responses to rhinovirus are reduced by the high-affinity IgE receptor in allergic asthmatic children","volume":"130","author":"Durrani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009705","article-title":"Randomized trial of omalizumab (anti-IgE) for asthma in inner-city children","volume":"364","author":"Busse","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.01.035","article-title":"Understanding the asthmatic response to an experimental rhinovirus infection: exploring the effects of blocking IgE","volume":"146","author":"Heymann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.11.055","article-title":"IgE and antiviral immune response in asthma","volume":"139","author":"Tam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30125-X","article-title":"Efficacy of mepolizumab add-on therapy on health-related quality of life and markers of asthma control in severe eosinophilic asthma (MUSCA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3b trial","volume":"5","author":"Chupp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.042","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness and the characteristics of a \u201csuper-responder\u201d to mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"158","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.2083","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"159","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00352-0","article-title":"Oral corticosteroid elimination via a personalised reduction algorithm in adults with severe, eosinophilic asthma treated with benralizumab (PONENTE): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm study","volume":"10","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14693","article-title":"Benralizumab after sub-optimal response to mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"76","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30406-5","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial","volume":"7","author":"Busse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902259","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02259-2019","article-title":"Adherence to corticosteroids and clinical outcomes in mepolizumab therapy for severe asthma","volume":"55","author":"D\u2019Ancona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30416-1","article-title":"Effect of a single day of increased as-needed budesonide-formoterol use on short-term risk of severe exacerbations in patients with mild asthma: a post-hoc analysis of the SYGMA 1 study","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e702","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3317","article-title":"Attenuation of the September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a randomized, controlled trial of montelukast added to usual therapy","volume":"120","author":"Johnston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1086\/375069","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral pleconaril for treatment of colds due to picornaviruses in adults: results of 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"36","author":"Hayden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2235OC","article-title":"The effect of inhaled IFN-\u03b2 on worsening of asthma symptoms caused by viral infections. A randomized trial","volume":"190","author":"Djukanovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30511-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Monk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00095809","article-title":"Azithromycin induces anti-viral responses in bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"36","author":"Gielen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00056","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00056-2019","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin in severe asthma from the AMAZES randomised trial","volume":"5","author":"Gibson","year":"2019","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006895.pub3","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29793-w","article-title":"Nasal microbiota clusters associate with inflammatory response, viral load, and symptom severity in experimental rhinovirus challenge","volume":"8","author":"Lehtinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310750111","article-title":"House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection","volume":"111","author":"Fujimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.05.032","article-title":"Primary prevention of severe lower respiratory illnesses in at-risk infants using the immunomodulator OM-85","volume":"144","author":"Sly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13896","article-title":"Early administration of azithromycin and prevention of severe lower respiratory tract illnesses in preschool children with a history of such illnesses: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"Bacharier","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00500-7","article-title":"Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1-3 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Stokholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30052-7","article-title":"Decreasing antibiotic use, the gut microbiota, and asthma incidence in children: evidence from population-based and prospective cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"Patrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib97","first-page":"00768","article-title":"The impact of the first COVID-19 surge on severe asthma patients in the UK. Which is worse: the virus or the lockdown?","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1704OC","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes and COVID-19 risk: a population-based observational study","volume":"205","author":"Bloom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib99","article-title":"Prescribing patterns and treatment adherence in patients with asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Dhruve","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14119","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on the cardio-respiratory health of New Zealanders","volume":"26","author":"Fairweather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216380","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on emergency asthma admissions and deaths: national interrupted time series analyses for Scotland and Wales","volume":"76","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04493-2020","article-title":"Reduction in asthma admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: consequence of public health measures in Singapore","volume":"57","author":"Wee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213219822000228?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213219822000228?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:33:07Z","timestamp":1761975187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213219822000228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213219822000228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2198","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rhinovirus Infections and Their Roles in Asthma: Etiology and Exacerbations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}