{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:31:11Z","timestamp":1775147471688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaci-inpractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:01:39Z","timestamp":1748433699000},"page":"2272-2285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advancements in Novel Therapeutics for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joshua S.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Sussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Pite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3476-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.12.007","article-title":"Investigation of patient-specific characteristics associated with treatment outcomes for chronic urticaria","volume":"3","author":"Amin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.036","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update","volume":"133","author":"Bernstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100546","article-title":"The challenges of chronic urticaria part 2: pharmacological treatment, chronic inducible urticaria, urticaria in special situations","volume":"14","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib4","first-page":"141","article-title":"Chronic inducible urticaria: classification and prominent features of physical and non-physical types","volume":"29","author":"Pozderac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19561","article-title":"The global burden of chronic urticaria for the patient and society","volume":"184","author":"Gon\u00e7alo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.03.030","article-title":"Urticaria and angioedema across the ages","volume":"8","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.04.010","article-title":"Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"149","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100533","article-title":"The challenges of chronic urticaria part 1: epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, comorbidities, quality of life, and management","volume":"14","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14037","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic urticaria in children and adults across the globe: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Fricke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1573","article-title":"Management of childhood urticaria: current knowledge and practical recommendations","volume":"93","author":"Pite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2007.5","article-title":"Annual direct and indirect health care costs of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a cost analysis of 50 nonimmunosuppressed patients","volume":"144","author":"Delong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00955-7","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: how to measure it and the need to define treatment success","volume":"13","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.036","article-title":"The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"135","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.12.809","article-title":"Unveiling chronic spontaneous urticaria pathophysiology through systems biology","volume":"151","author":"Seg\u00fa-Verg\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.05.013","article-title":"Omalizumab in patients with symptomatic chronic idiopathic\/spontaneous urticaria despite standard combination therapy","volume":"132","author":"Kaplan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215372","article-title":"Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria","volume":"368","author":"Maurer","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.512","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in patients with chronic idiopathic\/spontaneous urticaria who remain symptomatic on H1 antihistamines: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"135","author":"Saini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15303","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in Chinese patients with anti-histamine refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13949","article-title":"Biomarkers and clinical characteristics of autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of the PURIST Study","volume":"74","author":"Schoepke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.12.1342","article-title":"Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"137","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib21","article-title":"Utility of serum biomarkers in real-world practice for predicting response to omalizumab therapy in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"4","author":"Cain","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.12.008","article-title":"BTK signaling-a crucial link in the pathophysiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"153","author":"Bernstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.901851","article-title":"Evidence for histamine release in chronic inducible urticaria - a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Kulthanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.02.022","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: the role and relevance of autoreactivity, autoimmunity, and autoallergy","volume":"11","author":"Asero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2023.11.008","article-title":"Mechanisms of histamine release from mast cells beyond the high affinity IgE receptor in severe chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"265","author":"Asero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.01.030","article-title":"Selected recent advances in understanding the role of human mast cells in health and disease","volume":"149","author":"Levi-Schaffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.04.023","article-title":"Mast cell signaling and its role in urticaria","volume":"133","author":"Puxeddu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111506","article-title":"Degranulation of mast cells as a target for drug development","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15850","article-title":"Mast cell silencing: a novel therapeutic approach for urticaria and other mast cell-mediated diseases","volume":"79","author":"Metz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85538","article-title":"Different activation signals induce distinct mast cell degranulation strategies","volume":"126","author":"Gaudenzio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15603","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: focus on pathophysiology to unlock treatment advances","volume":"78","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2003.00010.x","article-title":"Infiltrating cells and related cytokines in lesional skin of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and positive autologous serum skin test","volume":"12","author":"Caproni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13621","article-title":"Elevations in T-helper-2-initiating cytokines (interleukin-33, interleukin-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin) in lesional skin from chronic spontaneous ('idiopathic') urticaria","volume":"172","author":"Kay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3 part 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70475-6","article-title":"Cutaneous inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison of patients with and without anti-FcepsilonRI or anti-IgE autoantibodies","volume":"103","author":"Sabroe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.123236","article-title":"TH1\/TH2 cytokines and inflammatory cells in skin biopsy specimens from patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison with the allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reaction","volume":"109","author":"Ying","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.04.012","article-title":"A comparison of the United States and international perspective on chronic urticaria guidelines","volume":"6","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.004","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria guidelines: what is new?","volume":"150","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.11.039","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria remission definition and therapy stepping down: World Allergy Organization position paper","volume":"155","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.15568","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: a review","volume":"332","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.11.053","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of omalizumab confirm the central role of IgE in allergic inflammation","volume":"115","author":"Holgate","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.06.014","article-title":"Omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria: efficacy, safety, predictors of treatment outcome, and time to response","volume":"121","author":"Nettis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.10.018","article-title":"High-dose omalizumab use in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"8","author":"Alizadeh Aghdam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.44023","article-title":"Long-term treatment of refractory severe chronic urticaria by omalizumab: analysis of two cases","volume":"31","author":"Fiorino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000491530","article-title":"Omalizumab updosing for better disease control in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients","volume":"177","author":"Kocat\u00fcrk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.08.011","article-title":"Omalizumab is an effective and rapidly acting therapy in difficult-to-treat chronic urticaria: a retrospective clinical analysis","volume":"73","author":"Metz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08794-6","article-title":"Omalizumab updosing in chronic spontaneous urticaria: an overview of real-world evidence","volume":"59","author":"Metz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.08.035","article-title":"Omalizumab for severe chronic spontaneous urticaria: real-life experiences of 280 patients","volume":"5","author":"Vadasz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13982","article-title":"Ligelizumab in adolescents with chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of a dedicated phase 2b randomized clinical trial supported with pharmacometric analysis","volume":"34","author":"Staubach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01684-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ligelizumab in adults and adolescents with chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of two phase 3 randomised controlled trials","volume":"403","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16446","article-title":"CT-P39 compared with reference omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria: results from a double-blind, randomized, active-controlled, phase 3 study","author":"Saini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.07.017","article-title":"Cyclosporine for chronic spontaneous urticaria: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kulthanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707002","article-title":"Role of calcineurin in the regulation of human lung mast cell and basophil function by cyclosporine and FK506","volume":"150","author":"Harrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib53","first-page":"285","article-title":"Treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and positive autologous serum skin test with cyclosporine: clinical and immunological evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Di Gioacchino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03664.x","article-title":"Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporin in chronic 'idiopathic' urticaria","volume":"143","author":"Grattan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02419.x","article-title":"Cyclosporine-A in severe chronic urticaria: the option for long-term therapy","volume":"65","author":"Kessel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0939","article-title":"Treatment of autoimmune urticaria with low-dose cyclosporin A: a one-year follow-up","volume":"91","author":"Boubouka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201102400123","article-title":"Cyclosporin-A efficacy in chronic idiopathic urticaria","volume":"24","author":"Di Leo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00466.x","article-title":"Low-dose and short-term cyclosporine treatment in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria: a clinical and immunological evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Serhat Inaloz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.04.078","article-title":"Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Vena","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13596","article-title":"Immunosuppressive medications and squamous cell skin carcinoma: nested case-control study within the Skin Cancer after Organ Transplant (SCOT) cohort","volume":"16","author":"Coghill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2011.590792","article-title":"Cyclosporine and skin cancer: an international dermatologic perspective over 25 years of experience. A comprehensive review and pursuit to define safe use of cyclosporine in dermatology","volume":"23","author":"Muellenhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.12.023","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of oral tacrolimus in refractory chronic urticaria","volume":"7","author":"Dorman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.02.023","article-title":"Effectiveness of sirolimus in severe refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.06.004","article-title":"The use of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of autoimmune and chronic idiopathic urticaria: experience in 19 patients","volume":"66","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1145_20","article-title":"The therapeutic role of methotrexate in chronic urticaria: a systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Sandhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15397","article-title":"Dramatic improvement with colchicine in antihistamine- and omalizumab-resistant chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"47","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.08.051","article-title":"Effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a real-world study","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3715","article-title":"Use of dapsone in the treatment of chronic idiopathic and autoimmune urticaria","volume":"155","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.09.028","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sulfasalazine in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria","volume":"112","author":"Orden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.10.022","article-title":"Impact of pharmacological treatments for chronic spontaneous urticaria with an inadequate response to H1-antihistamines on health-related quality of life: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nochaiwong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.028","article-title":"Dupilumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (LIBERTY-CSU CUPID): two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"154","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-025-02170-4","article-title":"Update on the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"85","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llae145","article-title":"Prevalence of omalizumab-resistant chronic urticaria and real-world effectiveness of dupilumab in patients with omalizumab-refractory chronic urticaria: a single-centre experience","volume":"49","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma","volume":"384","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414482","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"392","author":"Lipworth","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.01.045","article-title":"Tezepelumab for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of the phase 2b INCEPTION study","volume":"155","author":"McLaren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib77","first-page":"AB373","article-title":"Sustained improvement in UAS7 after 16-week treatment with tezepelumab in biologic-na\u00efve adults with CSU: results of the phase 2b INCEPTION study","volume":"153","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016395","article-title":"Benralizumab for chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"383","author":"Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae067","article-title":"Benralizumab does not elicit therapeutic effect in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: results from the phase IIb multinational randomized double-blind placebo-controlled ARROYO trial","volume":"191","author":"Altrichter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib80","first-page":"54","article-title":"Efficacy of mepolizumab in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and concomitant severe chronic urticaria: an example of personalized medicine?","volume":"33","author":"Antonicelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12124","article-title":"Serum concentration of IL-17, IL-23 and TNF-alpha among patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: association with disease activity and autologous serum skin test","volume":"28","author":"Atwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13616","article-title":"Interleukin-17 is a potential player and treatment target in severe chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"50","author":"Sabag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01537-w","article-title":"Fenebrutinib in H1 antihistamine-refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria: a randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"27","author":"Metz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.08.027","article-title":"Remibrutinib, a novel BTK inhibitor, demonstrates promising efficacy and safety in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"150","author":"Maurer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.10.007","article-title":"Remibrutinib demonstrates favorable safety profile and sustained efficacy in chronic spontaneous urticaria over 52 weeks","volume":"153","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2408792","article-title":"Remibrutinib in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"392","author":"Metz","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.883","article-title":"Efficacy of remibrutinib in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria with or without prior exposure to biologics in the phase 3 REMIX-1 and REMIX-2 studies","volume":"153","author":"Mosnaim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib88","first-page":"AB373","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rilzabrutinib in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: 12-week results from the RILECSU phase 2 dose-ranging study","volume":"153","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2152","article-title":"KTN0158, a humanized anti-KIT monoclonal antibody, demonstrates biologic activity against both normal and malignant canine mast cells","volume":"23","author":"London","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.04.012","article-title":"KIT as a master regulator of the mast cell lineage","volume":"149","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15262","article-title":"Anti-KIT monoclonal antibody CDX-0159 induces profound and durable mast cell suppression in a healthy volunteer study","volume":"77","author":"Alvarado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.46719","article-title":"Mast cells as a unique hematopoietic lineage and cell system: from Paul Ehrlich's visions to precision medicine concepts","volume":"10","author":"Valent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.873","article-title":"Barzolvolimab significantly decreases chronic spontaneous urticaria disease activity and is well tolerated: top line results from a phase 2 trial","volume":"153","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15585","article-title":"Anti-KIT antibody, barzolvolimab, reduces skin mast cells and disease activity in chronic inducible urticaria","volume":"78","author":"Terhorst-Molawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.12.998","article-title":"Initial results from BEACON, a phase 1b\/2a dose escalation study of the anti-c-Kit briquilimab antibody in adults with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU)","volume":"155","author":"Casale","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14213","article-title":"The pseudoallergen receptor MRGPRX2 on peripheral blood basophils and eosinophils: expression and function","volume":"75","author":"Wedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.027","article-title":"Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 and its activators in dermatologic allergies","volume":"147","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.004","article-title":"Expression of Mas-related gene X2 on mast cells is upregulated in the skin of patients with severe chronic urticaria","volume":"134","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib99","series-title":"Incyte Provides Update on Early Phase MRGPRX2 and MRGPRX4 Programs [press release]","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.2MR0120-352RR","article-title":"Eosinophil and mast cell Siglecs: from biology to drug target","volume":"108","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16004","article-title":"Regulation of mast cells by overlapping but distinct protein interactions of Siglec-6 and Siglec-8","volume":"79","author":"Korver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.12.772","article-title":"An open-label, proof-of-concept study of lirentelimab for antihistamine-resistant chronic spontaneous and inducible urticaria","volume":"149","author":"Altrichter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8488-5","article-title":"Mediators of chronic pruritus in atopic dermatitis: getting the itch out?","volume":"51","author":"Mollanazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.023","article-title":"Novel insights into atopic dermatitis","volume":"151","author":"Schuler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3006","article-title":"Efficacy of oral ruxolitinib in a patient with refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"98","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15932","article-title":"Efficacy of oral tofacitinib in refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria and urticarial vasculitis","volume":"35","author":"Mansouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1466058","article-title":"Case report: exploration of abrocitinib in the treatment of refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria: a case series","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213219825005008?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213219825005008?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T14:59:49Z","timestamp":1757775589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213219825005008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213219825005008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2198","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advancements in Novel Therapeutics for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}