{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:29:38Z","timestamp":1793039378288,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":379,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL149693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL149693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016606","name":"Riley Children's Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaci-inpractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T23:17:00Z","timestamp":1754522220000},"page":"2537-2551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Risk Factors and Mechanisms Leading to Preschool Recurrent Wheeze and Asthma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Castro-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba A.B.","family":"Wolters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Rodriguez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn M.","family":"Biagini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Celed\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Custovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard H.","family":"Koppelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Phipatanakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sejal","family":"Saglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Forno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00624-2024","article-title":"European Respiratory Society statement on preschool wheezing disorders: updated definitions, knowledge gaps and proposed future research directions","volume":"64","author":"Makrinioti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2017.01.002","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for wheezing and allergic diseases in preschool children: a perspective from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey","volume":"45","author":"Bolat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.07.016","article-title":"Preschool asthma in Italy: prevalence, risk factors and health resource utilization","volume":"103","author":"Peroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib4","first-page":"195","article-title":"Etiology and risk factors of infantile wheezing","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10735.x","article-title":"Risk factors for occasional and recurrent wheezing after RSV infection in infancy","volume":"77","author":"Rylander","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib6","first-page":"379","article-title":"Clinical epidemiological study of lower respiratory tract illness with wheezing in children under 2 years of age and its risk factors","volume":"50","author":"Alba Moreno","year":"1999","journal-title":"An Esp Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/02770900903380996","article-title":"Early life factors associated with incidence of physician-diagnosed asthma in preschool children: results from the Canadian Early Childhood Development cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Midodzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25037","article-title":"RSV-hRV co-infection is a risk factor for recurrent bronchial obstruction and early sensitization 3 years after bronchiolitis","volume":"90","author":"Amat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00633.x","article-title":"The impact of early lifestyle factors on wheezing and asthma in Austrian preschool children","volume":"97","author":"Morass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02988-2","article-title":"Early prediction of pediatric asthma in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) birth cohort using machine learning","volume":"95","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi212","article-title":"A comparison of risk factors for wheeze and recurrent cough in preschool children","volume":"162","author":"Hermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib12","first-page":"73","article-title":"Risk factors for wheeze in the last 12 months in preschool children","volume":"18","author":"Quah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.4.290","article-title":"Prenatal risk factors of wheezing at the age of four years in Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"Sunyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15530","article-title":"Clinical risk factors at 3 months of age for the development of bronchial asthma at 36 months of age","volume":"65","author":"Sugiura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.56.8.589","article-title":"Asthma in preschool children: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"56","author":"Haby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29121-x","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factors of wheeze and asthma among preschool children in Urumqi city: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21161","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of wheeze in Dutch infants in their first year of life","volume":"45","author":"Visser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5043-3","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of wheezing illnesses of children aged three to five years living in under-served settlements of the Colombo Municipal Council in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.12.001","article-title":"Asthmatic\/wheezing phenotypes in preschool children: Influential factors, health care and urban-rural differences","volume":"221","author":"Kutzora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i4.97","article-title":"The Preschool Asthma Risk Factors Scale: a predictive tool for asthma and respiratory symptoms among preschool children in Lebanon","volume":"49","author":"Souheil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj123","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of early onset asthma and wheezing in a healthy birth cohort of 2- to 3-year olds","volume":"32","author":"Berz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600582814","article-title":"Prevalence, severity and determinants of asthma in Danish five-year-olds","volume":"95","author":"Hermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00513.x","article-title":"Gender-specific differences in the prevention of asthma-like symptoms in high-risk infants","volume":"18","author":"van Merode","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1590\/S1518-8787.2016050005100","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent wheezing in infants: a case-control study","volume":"50","author":"de Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.043","article-title":"Severe bronchiolitis profiles and risk of recurrent wheeze by age 3 years","volume":"143","author":"Dumas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13131.x","article-title":"Bronchial asthma after early childhood wheezing: a follow-up until 4.5-6 years of age","volume":"83","author":"Kuikka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.06.032","article-title":"IgE antibody quantification and the probability of wheeze in preschool children","volume":"116","author":"Simpson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib28","first-page":"232","article-title":"First episode of preschool wheeze requiring hospitalization: a prospective study on the chance of recurrence and associated factors. Asian Pac","volume":"36","author":"Chantawarangul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12171","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide predicts persistence of wheezing, exacerbations, and decline in lung function in wheezy infants and toddlers","volume":"43","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62592-6","article-title":"Factors predisposing infants to lower respiratory infection with wheezing in the first two years of life","volume":"82","author":"Yau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.1999.00028.x","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors for recurrent wheeze in early life","volume":"10","author":"Lodrup Carlsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26664","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for respiratory infection and wheeze in young children: a multicentre birth cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Ruffles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2007.11870","article-title":"Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and wheezing disorders in Austrian preschool children","volume":"137","author":"Horak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.036","article-title":"Sources of indoor particulate matter (PM) and outdoor air pollution in China in relation to asthma, wheeze, rhinitis and eczema among pre-school children: synergistic effects between antibiotics use and PM(10) and second hand smoke","volume":"125","author":"Norback","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-91","article-title":"Air pollution, fetal and infant tobacco smoke exposure, and wheezing in preschool children: a population-based prospective birth cohort","volume":"11","author":"Sonnenschein-van der Voort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02649.x","article-title":"Symptoms of asthma and atopic disorders in preschool children: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"37","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200808-1307OC","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related particles and endotoxin during infancy is associated with wheezing at age 3 years","volume":"180","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2013.770013","article-title":"Recurrent wheezing in the first three years of life: short-term prognosis and risk factors","volume":"50","author":"Sahiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030349","article-title":"Prospective study of risk factors for early and persistent wheezing in childhood","volume":"8","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2003.01764.x","article-title":"Direct and indirect exposure to pets - risk of sensitization and asthma at 4 years in a birth cohort","volume":"33","author":"Almqvist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.013","article-title":"Asthma-protective agents in dust from traditional farm environments","volume":"152","author":"Marques Dos Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02847.x","article-title":"Risk factors for asthma at 3.5 and 7 years of age","volume":"37","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.02.035","article-title":"Allergen exposure in infancy and the development of sensitization, wheeze, and asthma at 4 years","volume":"115","author":"Brussee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib44","first-page":"129","article-title":"Home dampness and molds as determinants of respiratory symptoms and asthma in pre-school children","volume":"3","author":"Jaakkola","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib45","first-page":"516","article-title":"Wheezing conditions in early childhood: prevalence and risk factors in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"82","author":"Benicio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201804-0770OC","article-title":"Impact of preeclampsia on the relationship between maternal asthma and offspring asthma. An observation from the VDAART clinical trial","volume":"199","author":"Mirzakhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00148212","article-title":"Maternal weight, gestational weight gain and preschool wheezing: the Generation R study","volume":"42","author":"Leermakers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0102-5","article-title":"Maternal vegetable intake in early pregnancy and wheeze in offspring at the age of 2 years","volume":"72","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00100609","article-title":"Dairy food, calcium and vitamin D intake in pregnancy, and wheeze and eczema in infants","volume":"35","author":"Miyake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2015.12.002","article-title":"Effect of foods and Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and first years of life on wheezing, rhinitis and dermatitis in preschoolers","volume":"44","author":"Castro-Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fml083","article-title":"Bottle feeding and exposure to Toxocara as risk factors for wheezing illness among under-five Amazonian children: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"53","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib52","first-page":"391","article-title":"Nutritional errors in the first months of life and their association with asthma and atopy in preschool children","volume":"86","author":"Strassburger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.11.055","article-title":"Breastfeeding protects against current asthma up to 6 years of age","volume":"160","author":"Silvers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2005.00308.x","article-title":"A prospective study of wheezing in young children: the independent effects of cockroach exposure, breast-feeding and allergic sensitization","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18589","article-title":"Effect of prenatal supplementation with vitamin D on asthma or recurrent wheezing in offspring by age 3 years: the VDAART randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Litonjua","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01031.x","article-title":"Day-care attendance and increased risk for respiratory and allergic symptoms in preschool age","volume":"61","author":"Hagerhed-Engman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007352464","article-title":"Is overweight a risk factor for wheezing in pre-school children? A study in 14 Brazilian communities","volume":"10","author":"Saldiva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00041714","article-title":"Is parent-child bed-sharing a risk for wheezing and asthma in early childhood?","volume":"45","author":"Luijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23053","article-title":"Excess weight in preschool children with a history of severe bronchiolitis is associated with asthma","volume":"50","author":"Tormanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib60","first-page":"183","article-title":"Risk factors of recurrent wheezing in children under 5 years of age","volume":"100","author":"Srisingh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.018","article-title":"Toward improved prediction of risk for atopy and asthma among preschoolers: a prospective cohort study","volume":"125","author":"Holt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0589-z","article-title":"Bronchiolitis severity is related to recurrent wheezing by age 3 years in a prospective, multicenter cohort","volume":"87","author":"Mansbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283352f7c","article-title":"The role of rhinovirus infections in the development of early childhood asthma","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.09.037","article-title":"Late Pre-term infants with severe bronchiolitis and risk of asthma by age 5 years","volume":"241","author":"Mansbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC","article-title":"Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children","volume":"178","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.5.9906076","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7","volume":"161","author":"Sigurs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13091","article-title":"Prenatal maternal psychosocial stress and offspring's asthma and allergic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Flanigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.07.023","article-title":"The effects of violence and related stress on asthma","volume":"133","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905-1073PP","article-title":"Exposure to violence, psychosocial stress, and asthma","volume":"201","author":"Landeo-Gutierrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00299-2015","article-title":"Prenatal maternal psychological stress and childhood asthma and wheezing: a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"van de Loo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.010","article-title":"Parental psychosocial stress and asthma morbidity in Puerto Rican twins","volume":"127","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.12.015","article-title":"Maternal stressful life events during pregnancy and childhood asthma and wheeze","volume":"132","author":"Adgent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2024.2435262","article-title":"Cumulative maternal lifetime stress & child asthma: effect modification by BMI","volume":"27","author":"Ramsey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.720273","article-title":"The asthma family tree: evaluating associations between childhood, parental, and grandparental asthma in seven Chinese cities","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib75","article-title":"Exploring the origins of asthma: lessons from twin studies","volume":"1","author":"Thomsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in asthma genetics","volume":"107","author":"Bansal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.14067","article-title":"Genetics of preschool wheeze and its progression to childhood asthma","volume":"35","author":"Wolters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.02.022","article-title":"Genetic architectures of childhood- and adult-onset asthma are partly distinct","volume":"104","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30055-4","article-title":"Shared and distinct genetic risk factors for childhood-onset and adult-onset asthma: genome-wide and transcriptome-wide studies","volume":"7","author":"Pividori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30011-4","article-title":"Expression quantitative trait locus fine mapping of the 17q12\u201321 asthma locus in African American children: a genetic association and gene expression study","volume":"8","author":"Ober","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.51","article-title":"Effects of a 17q21 chromosome gene variant, tobacco smoke and furred pets on infant wheeze","volume":"13","author":"Brauner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2830","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies CDHR3 as a susceptibility locus for early childhood asthma with severe exacerbations","volume":"46","author":"B\u00f8nnelykke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84315","article-title":"A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of childhood wheezing phenotypes identifies ANXA1 as a susceptibility locus for persistent wheezing","volume":"12","author":"Granell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.01.052","article-title":"Functional genomics of CDHR3 confirms its role in HRV-C infection and childhood asthma exacerbations","volume":"144","author":"Everman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610433113","article-title":"GSDMB induces an asthma phenotype characterized by increased airway responsiveness and remodeling without lung inflammation","volume":"113","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107847","article-title":"The central role of IL-33\/IL-1RL1 pathway in asthma: from pathogenesis to intervention","volume":"225","author":"Saikumar Jayalatha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.597945","article-title":"ORMDL3 and asthma: linking sphingolipid regulation to altered T cell function","volume":"11","author":"Luthers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.020","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association studies of allergic disease and the environment","volume":"152","author":"Cardenas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.15.53","article-title":"Epigenome-modifying tools in asthma","volume":"7","author":"Brook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10110932","article-title":"Cell-specific DNA methylation signatures in asthma","volume":"10","author":"Hudon Thibeault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30466-1","article-title":"DNA methylation in nasal epithelium, atopy, and atopic asthma in children: a genome-wide study","volume":"7","author":"Forno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35088-6","article-title":"Nasal DNA methylation at three CpG sites predicts childhood allergic disease","volume":"13","author":"Van Breugel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.12.911","article-title":"Nasal DNA methylation profiling of asthma and rhinitis","volume":"145","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11058-3","article-title":"The nasal methylome as a biomarker of asthma and airway inflammation in children","volume":"10","author":"Cardenas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30052-3","article-title":"DNA methylation in childhood asthma: an epigenome-wide meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-019-0356-z","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association study of asthma and wheeze characterizes loci within HK1","volume":"15","author":"Everson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.043","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of DNA methylation and childhood asthma","volume":"143","author":"Reese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00923-x","article-title":"Genomic and phenotypic insights from an atlas of genetic effects on DNA methylation","volume":"53","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13062","article-title":"PTTG1IP and MAML3, novel genomewide association study genes for severity of hyperresponsiveness in adult asthma","volume":"72","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0820OC","article-title":"Chromosome 17q12-21 variants are associated with multiple wheezing phenotypes in childhood","volume":"203","author":"Hallmark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2023.2271832","article-title":"Phenotype and endotype based treatment of preschool wheeze","volume":"17","author":"Salehian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8712-1","article-title":"Understanding asthma phenotypes, endotypes, and mechanisms of disease","volume":"56","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.029","article-title":"Use of biomarkers to identify phenotypes and endotypes of severe asthma","volume":"121","author":"Carr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2019.11.1.16","article-title":"Biomarkers for recurrent wheezing and asthma in preschool children","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.643","article-title":"Burden of preschool wheeze and progression to asthma in the UK: population-based cohort 2007 to 2017","volume":"147","author":"Bloom","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.09.037","article-title":"A pediatric asthma risk score to better predict asthma development in young children","volume":"143","author":"Biagini Myers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1821OC","article-title":"Modeling wheezing spells identifies phenotypes with different outcomes and genetic associates","volume":"205","author":"Haider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.09.028","article-title":"Individualized therapy for persistent asthma in young children","volume":"138","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106228","article-title":"Preventing asthma in high risk kids (PARK) with omalizumab: design, rationale, methods, lessons learned and adaptation","volume":"100","author":"Phipatanakul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00046","article-title":"Eosinophilic inflammation in allergic asthma","volume":"4","author":"Possa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12535","article-title":"Blood eosinophils as a marker of likely corticosteroid response in children with preschool wheeze: time for an eosinophil guided clinical trial?","volume":"45","author":"Gaillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02966.x","article-title":"Lack of eosinophilia can predict remission in wheezy infants?","volume":"38","author":"Just","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.01.037","article-title":"Blood eosinophils for prediction of exacerbation in preschool children with recurrent wheezing","volume":"11","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"4 part 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9912111","article-title":"A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing","volume":"162","author":"Castro-Rodriguez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2012.10.008","article-title":"Evaluation of the modified asthma predictive index in high-risk preschool children","volume":"1","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165404","article-title":"Early prediction of asthma","volume":"12","author":"Romero-Tapia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25592","article-title":"The asthma predictive index as a surrogate diagnostic tool in preschoolers: analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"56","author":"Castro-Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22705","article-title":"Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and wheezing phenotypes in preschool children","volume":"48","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90266-6","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: roles, tolls, and controls","volume":"78","author":"Nathan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04010.x","article-title":"Childhood wheezing phenotypes and FeNO in atopic children at age 8","volume":"42","author":"van der Valk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.126912","article-title":"Prediction of asthma in symptomatic preschool children using exhaled nitric oxide, Rint and specific IgE","volume":"65","author":"Caudri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.02.008","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide as a diagnostic tool for wheezing in preschool children: a diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"113","author":"Sayao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2024.2440468","article-title":"Preschool wheeze and asthma endotypes- implications for future therapy","volume":"18","author":"Hillson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04173-2020","article-title":"European Respiratory Society clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in children aged 5-16 years","volume":"58","author":"Gaillard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.13","article-title":"Comparison of online single-breath vs. online multiple-breath exhaled nitric oxide in school-age children","volume":"71","author":"Fuchs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.02.005","article-title":"Current evidence and future research needs for FeNO measurement in respiratory diseases","volume":"108","author":"Bjermer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib127","article-title":"Increased breath naphthalene in children with asthma and wheeze of the All Age Asthma Cohort (ALLIANCE)","volume":"18","author":"Shahrokny","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4996","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i21.4996","article-title":"Exhaled volatile organic compounds for diagnosis and monitoring of asthma","volume":"11","author":"Savito","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095668","article-title":"Profiling of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as a strategy to find early predictive signatures of asthma in children","volume":"9","author":"Smolinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03343.x","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as a diagnostic tool for asthma in children","volume":"40","author":"Dallinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/6\/3\/036008","article-title":"Dependence of exhaled breath composition on exogenous factors, smoking habits and exposure to air pollutants","volume":"6","author":"Filipiak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.14062","article-title":"Understanding progression from pre-school wheezing to school-age asthma: can modern data approaches help?","volume":"34","author":"Custovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.8.1194","article-title":"Wheezy bronchitis revisited","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00304-2","article-title":"Early childhood wheezing phenotypes and determinants in a South African birth cohort: longitudinal analysis of the Drakenstein Child Health Study","volume":"7","author":"McCready","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1814259","article-title":"Machine learning in medicine","volume":"380","author":"Rajkomar","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14452","article-title":"Digest: Stable phenotypes, fluid genotypes: how stochasticity impacts network evolution and speciation","volume":"76","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00068","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma","volume":"7","author":"Bush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202105-1294ED","article-title":"Reconstructing phenotypes in recurrent severe wheeze in young children","volume":"204","author":"Gaffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200410-1404OC","article-title":"Airway remodeling and inflammation in symptomatic infants with reversible airflow obstruction","volume":"171","author":"Saglani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200702-212OC","article-title":"Early detection of airway wall remodeling and eosinophilic inflammation in preschool wheezers","volume":"176","author":"Saglani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-7022-4-35","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage in infants with recurrent lower respiratory symptoms","volume":"4","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2005116","article-title":"Persistent wheezing in very young children is associated with lower respiratory inflammation","volume":"163","author":"Krawiec","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20880","article-title":"Neutrophilic airway inflammation and association with bacterial lipopolysaccharide in children with asthma and wheezing","volume":"43","author":"Hauk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200712-1818OC","article-title":"Nonatopic children with multitrigger wheezing have airway pathology comparable to atopic asthma","volume":"178","author":"Turato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3696OC","article-title":"Recurrent severe preschool wheeze: from prespecified diagnostic labels to underlying endotypes","volume":"204","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.02.003","article-title":"Neutrophilic steroid-refractory recurrent wheeze and eosinophilic steroid-refractory asthma in children","volume":"5","author":"Guiddir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.08.044","article-title":"Increased airway smooth muscle in preschool wheezers who have asthma at school age","volume":"131","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30879-6","article-title":"After asthma: redefining airways diseases","volume":"391","author":"Pavord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27112","article-title":"Assessment of bronchodilator response in preschoolers: a systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02515-3","article-title":"The role of small airway function parameters in preschool asthmatic children","volume":"23","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00023409","article-title":"Lung function and bronchodilator response in 4-year-old children with different wheezing phenotypes","volume":"35","author":"Oostveen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2017.1418884","article-title":"Impulse oscillometry and spirometry exhibit different features of lung function in bronchodilation","volume":"55","author":"Sheen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26333","article-title":"Impulse oscillometry in preschool children with persistent asthma can predict spirometry at school age","volume":"58","author":"Grell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26909","article-title":"Impulse oscillometry bronchodilator response in preschool children","volume":"59","author":"Meoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2016.05.006","article-title":"Airway tone dysfunction among pre-schoolers with positive asthma predictive index: a case-control study","volume":"45","author":"Lezana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2017.09.028","article-title":"Asthma predictive index in relation to respiratory mechanics by impulse oscillometry in recurrent wheezers","volume":"46","author":"Arikoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.12.025","article-title":"Preschool impulse oscillometry predicts active asthma and impaired lung function at school age","volume":"154","author":"Knihtila","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213219825007639?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213219825007639?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T11:27:46Z","timestamp":1777116466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213219825007639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213219825007639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2198","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk Factors and Mechanisms Leading to Preschool Recurrent Wheeze and Asthma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.07.051","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}