{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:11:43Z","timestamp":1791396703489,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2S","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007670","name":"Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Experimental studies suggest that physical activity or exercise can prevent or delay the onset of age\u2010related cognitive impairment or dementia. Several epidemiologic studies have attempted to address this issue by using widely varying definitions of physical activity as well as differing methods to assess cognitive function or dementia. Despite the variability in study design, longitudinal studies report that the risk of dementia, cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, and Alzheimer's disease is lower among persons engaging in high levels of physical activity, relative to those engaging in low levels of physical activity. There is also evidence of a dose\u2010response relationship between physical activity and preservation of cognitive function, even though small increases in physical activity from a sedentary state can reap comparatively large incremental benefits. Reductions in the relative risk of vascular dementia associated with physical activity were weaker and more variable. Although many studies had a follow\u2010up duration of around 5 years, at least one study has found evidence that exercise in midlife reduces the risk of dementia in late life. How interactions between physical activity and the\n                    <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                    e4 allele affect the risk of cognitive impairment is inconsistent. The available epidemiologic studies support the concept that physical activity might prevent or delay the onset of cognitive decline. Whether that effect will translate into a reduction in the prevalence of dementia is unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,17]],"date-time":"2007-04-17T11:27:10Z","timestamp":1176809230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Physical activity and the maintenance of cognitive function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Rockwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine Department of Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine Department of Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","unstructured":"C.Cotman.Refer to companion article in the current supplement."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","unstructured":"F.Grodstein.Refer to companion article in the current supplement."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: insights from epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"McDowell I.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aging (Milano)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.3.498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.12.1447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70198-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.12.2236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afh235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000126614.87955.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.4930263.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.12.1454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.14.1703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.08.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","first-page":"S408","article-title":"Prevention of CIND by physical activity: different impact on VCI\u2010ND compared with MCI","volume":"2","author":"Middleton L.E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000147474.29994.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.643.14583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8346443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/3.4.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.8.1467"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0694-180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91705-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00120.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53457.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00075-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.12.1310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","volume-title":"Dementia","author":"Wells C.E.","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; 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