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A total of 201 patients diagnosed with probable AD with modified Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores \u2265 30 at study entry were monitored annually for 6 years. Discrete\u2010time hazard analyses were used to examine relationships between ChEI and memantine use during the previous 6 months reported at each assessment, and time to cognitive (MMSE score \u2264 10) and functional (Blessed Dementia Rating Scale score \u2265 10) end points and mortality. Analyses controlled for clinical characteristics, including baseline cognition, function, and comorbid conditions, and presence of extrapyramidal signs and psychiatric symptoms at each assessment interval. Demographic characteristics included baseline age, sex, education, and living arrangement at each assessment interval.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChEI use was associated with delayed time in reaching the functional end point and death. Memantine use was associated with delayed time to death. Different patient characteristics were associated with different clinical end points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest long\u2010term beneficial effects of ChEI and memantine use on patient outcomes. As for all observational cohort studies, observed relationships should not be interpreted as causal effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.09.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]],"date-time":"2013-01-17T11:16:55Z","timestamp":1358421415000},"page":"733-740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Long\u2010term associations between cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine use and health outcomes among patients with Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carolyn W.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics &amp; Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elayne E.","family":"Livote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics &amp; Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Scarmeas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics &amp; Palliative Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY USA"},{"name":"Gertrude H. 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