{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:43:40Z","timestamp":1791222220737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,8]],"date-time":"2013-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007285","name":"B-IT Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biomedical ontologies offer the capability to structure and represent domain\u2010specific knowledge semantically. Disease\u2010specific ontologies can facilitate knowledge exchange across multiple disciplines, and ontology\u2010driven mining approaches can generate great value for modeling disease mechanisms. However, in the case of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, there is a lack of formal representation of the relevant knowledge domain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alzheimer's disease ontology (ADO) is constructed in accordance to the ontology building life cycle. The Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 OWL editor was used as a tool for building ADO in Ontology Web Language format.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ADO was developed with the purpose of containing information relevant to four main biological views\u2014preclinical, clinical, etiological, and molecular\/cellular mechanisms\u2014and was enriched by adding synonyms and references. Validation of the lexicalized ontology by means of named entity recognition\u2010based methods showed a satisfactory performance (F score = 72%). In addition to structural and functional evaluation, a clinical expert in the field performed a manual evaluation and curation of ADO. Through integration of ADO into an information retrieval environment, we show that the ontology supports semantic search in scientific text. The usefulness of ADO is authenticated by dedicated use case scenarios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development of ADO as an open ADO is a first attempt to organize information related to Alzheimer's disease in a formalized, structured manner. We demonstrate that ADO is able to capture both established and scattered knowledge existing in scientific text.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.02.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]],"date-time":"2013-07-03T19:50:27Z","timestamp":1372881027000},"page":"238-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["ADO: A disease ontology representing the domain knowledge specific to Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing Sankt Augustin Germany"},{"name":"Rheinische Friedrich\u2010Wilhelms\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bonn Bonn\u2010Aachen International Center for IT Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erfan","family":"Younesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing Sankt Augustin Germany"},{"name":"Rheinische Friedrich\u2010Wilhelms\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bonn Bonn\u2010Aachen International Center for IT Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"G\u00fcndel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing Sankt Augustin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing Sankt Augustin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Heneka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Unit University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hofmann\u2010Apitius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing Sankt Augustin Germany"},{"name":"Rheinische Friedrich\u2010Wilhelms\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bonn Bonn\u2010Aachen International Center for IT Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.04.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","first-page":"279","article-title":"SNOMED\u2010CT: the advanced terminology and coding system for eHealth","volume":"121","author":"Donnelly K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Studies Health Technol informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Biomedical ontologies in action: role in knowledge management","volume":"3841","author":"Bodenreider O.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Data Integr Decision Supp NIH Public Access"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","volume-title":"Ontological engineering","author":"G\u00f3mez\u2010P\u00e9rez A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Biodynamic ontology: applying BFO in the biomedical domain","volume":"102","author":"Grenon P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Studies Health Technol informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","volume-title":"The encyclopedia of Alzheimer's disease: (facts on file library of health and living)","author":"Turkington C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/9781435626133","volume-title":"Atlas of Alzheimer's disease","author":"Feldman H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","volume-title":"Alzheimer's disease: a medical dictionary, bibliography and annotated research guide to Internet references","author":"Icon Health Publications","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","unstructured":"B.Smith A.Kumar T.Bittner.Basic formal ontology for bioinformatics.J Inf System 2005;1\u201316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","first-page":"292","volume-title":"Proc. of the Int. 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