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Because the retina provides a noninvasive window to assess the microcirculation, we determined whether quantitatively measured retinal microvascular parameters are associated with AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a case\u2010control study (case:control matching \u2248 1:2). Retinal photographs were analyzed using a computer program, and a spectrum of quantitative retinal microvascular parameters (caliber, fractal dimension, tortuosity, and bifurcation) were measured. Logistic regression models were used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for AD adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and history of myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 136 demented patients with AD and 290 age\u2010gender\u2010race\u2010matched controls. Persons with narrower venular caliber (OR per standard deviation [SD] decrease, 2.01 [1.27\u20133.19]), decreased arteriolar and venular fractal dimension (OR per SD decrease 1.35 [1.08\u20131.68], 1.47 [1.17\u20131.84], respectively) and increased arteriolar and venular tortuosity (OR per SD increase, 1.84 [1.40\u20132.31], 1.94 [1.48\u20132.53], respectively) were more likely to have AD. These associations still persisted when only AD cases without a history of cerebrovascular disease were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with AD have altered microvascular network in the retina (narrower retinal venules and a sparser and more tortuous retinal vessels) compared with matched nondemented controls. These changes in retinal microvasculature may reflect similar pathophysiological processes in cerebral microvasculature in the brains of patients with AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.06.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,15]],"date-time":"2014-01-15T10:33:04Z","timestamp":1389781984000},"page":"135-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":301,"title":["Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carol Yim\u2010lui","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences Duke\u2010NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Ting","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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