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This study aims to use imaging techniques and biomarker analysis to determine whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) and\/or PTSD resulting from combat or other traumas increase the risk for AD and decrease cognitive reserve in Veteran subjects, after accounting for age. Using military and Department of Veterans Affairs records, 65 Vietnam War veterans with a history of moderate or severe TBI with or without PTSD, 65 with ongoing PTSD without TBI, and 65 control subjects are being enrolled in this study at 19 sites. The study aims to select subject groups that are comparable in age, gender, ethnicity, and education. Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia are being excluded. However, a new study just beginning, and similar in size, will study subjects with TBI, subjects with PTSD, and control subjects with MCI. Baseline measurements of cognition, function, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers; magnetic resonance images (structural, diffusion tensor, and resting state blood\u2010level oxygen dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging); and amyloid positron emission tomographic (PET) images with florbetapir are being obtained. One\u2010year follow\u2010up measurements will be collected for most of the baseline procedures, with the exception of the lumbar puncture, the PET imaging, and apolipoprotein E genotyping. To date, 19 subjects with TBI only, 46 with PTSD only, and 15 with TBI and PTSD have been recruited and referred to 13 clinics to undergo the study protocol. It is expected that cohorts will be fully recruited by October 2014. This study is a first step toward the design and statistical powering of an AD prevention trial using at\u2010risk veterans as subjects, and provides the basis for a larger, more comprehensive study of dementia risk factors in veterans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T22:02:40Z","timestamp":1402351360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Effects of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder on Alzheimer's disease in veterans, using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Weiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of 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