{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:38:12Z","timestamp":1792175892853,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,19]],"date-time":"2015-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The success rate of the pharmaceutical research and development (R&amp;D) for dementia drugs has been abysmally low, in the last two decades. Also low has been the number of pipeline drugs in development, compared to other therapy areas. However, the rationale of early terminations has not been reported in the majority of trials. These are key findings of the recently published pharmaceutical pipeline analysis by the UK\u2010based Office of Health Economics (OHE). Our understanding of main challenges include (1) the significant gaps of knowledge in the nosology and complexity of the underpinning biological mechanisms of the commonest, not familial, forms of late onset dementias; (2) low signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio, notwithstanding the lack of validated biomarkers as entry and\/or end\u2010point criteria; (3) recruitment and retention, particularly in the asymptomatic and early disease stages. A number of current and future strategies aimed at ameliorating drug development are outlined and discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,19]],"date-time":"2015-12-19T16:32:11Z","timestamp":1450542731000},"page":"60-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["Why has therapy development for dementia failed in the last two decades?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Serge","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit\/Memory Clinic McGill Centre for Studies in Aging  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Goedert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Kivipelto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alzheimer Research and Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet Department of Geriatric Medicine Clinical Trials Unit Karolinska University Hospital  Huddinge Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mestre\u2010Ferrandiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Health Economics  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lefkos T.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research, School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"MarsdenG Mestre\u2010FerrandizJ2015Dementia: The R&D landscape.OHE Research Report. 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