{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:28:26Z","timestamp":1792189706849,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jamda.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T09:00:36Z","timestamp":1558083636000},"page":"1444-1450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Predicting Cognitive and Functional Trajectories in People With Late-Onset Dementia: 2 Population-Based Studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3518-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam L.","family":"Haaksma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora","family":"Rizzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannie-Marie S.","family":"Leoutsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Marengoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2922-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin C.K.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel G.M.","family":"Olde Rikkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fratiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9 J.F.","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaia","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504327","article-title":"Incidence of dementia over three decades in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"374","author":"Satizabal","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2004.12.004","article-title":"Estimation of linear mixed models with a mixture of distribution for the random effects","volume":"78","author":"Proust","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.10.018","article-title":"Prognosis of Alzheimer's disease today: A two-year prospective study in 686 patients from the REAL-FR Study","volume":"4","author":"Cortes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181faec23","article-title":"Progression of cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric symptom domains in a population cohort with Alzheimer dementia: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study","volume":"19","author":"Tschanz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4221","article-title":"Latent classes of course in Alzheimer's disease and predictors: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study","volume":"30","author":"Leoutsakos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4893","article-title":"Cognitive and functional progression in Alzheimer disease: A prediction model of latent classes","volume":"33","author":"Haaksma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600963695","article-title":"Emotional impact of dementia diagnosis: Exploring persons with dementia and caregivers' perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Aminzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.189","article-title":"Rapidly progressive Alzheimer disease","volume":"68","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.175","article-title":"Changing perspectives regarding late-life dementia","volume":"5","author":"Fotuhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu035","article-title":"Compensatory mechanisms in higher-educated subjects with Alzheimer's disease: A study of 20 years of cognitive decline","volume":"137","author":"Amieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177044","article-title":"Comorbidity and progression of late onset Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Haaksma","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171353","article-title":"Anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in a large German cohort of hospitalized geriatric patients","volume":"12","author":"Pfistermeister","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care","volume":"390","author":"Livingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.01.011","article-title":"Predicting the progression of Alzheimer's disease dementia: A multidomain health policy model","volume":"12","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217000321","article-title":"The clinical course and interrelations of dementia related symptoms","volume":"30","author":"Haaksma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2006.08.001","article-title":"Independent contributions of neural and \u201chigher-order\u201d deficits to symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: A latent variable modeling approach","volume":"2","author":"Tractenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324546","article-title":"A\u00a0longitudinal study integrating population, care and social services data. The Swedish National study on Aging and Care (SNAC)","volume":"16","author":"Lagergren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000110958","article-title":"Occurrence of dementia in advanced age: The study design of the Kungsholmen Project","volume":"11","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib19","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1113","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of the consortium on DLB international workshop","volume":"47","author":"McKeith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.250","article-title":"Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria for research studies: Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop","volume":"43","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-Mental State\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03060120024016","article-title":"Studies of illness in the aged: The Index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function","volume":"185","author":"Katz","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","article-title":"External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register","volume":"11","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib26","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Assessing and measuring chronic multimorbidity in the older population: A proposal for its operationalization","volume":"72","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.12.1081","article-title":"Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: A longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen project","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2217\/1745509X.4.3.311","article-title":"Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: A review and practical application","volume":"4","author":"Boustani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x","article-title":"An Introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling","volume":"2","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x","article-title":"Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes","volume":"24","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Eq Model"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025","article-title":"Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches","volume":"18","author":"Vermunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib33","series-title":"Mplus User's Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib34","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-121921","article-title":"Coupled cognitive and functional change in Alzheimer's disease and the influence of depressive symptoms","volume":"34","author":"Zahodne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-643","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Beydoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2007-12103","article-title":"Brain reserve hypothesis in dementia","volume":"12","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12083","article-title":"Relationship between education and age-related cognitive decline: A review of recent research","volume":"15","author":"Lenehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib39","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Social relationships and cognitive decline: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"45","author":"Kuiper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.04.006","article-title":"Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"22","author":"Kuiper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00767-7","article-title":"An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia","volume":"3","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.009","article-title":"Anticholinergic drug use is associated with episodic memory decline in older adults without dementia","volume":"55","author":"Papenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib43","first-page":"278","article-title":"Differences in rate of cognitive decline and caregiver burden between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: A retrospective study","volume":"2","author":"Pilon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002153","article-title":"Trajectories of cognitive decline in different types of dementia","volume":"45","author":"Smits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.10.010","article-title":"Differences in rate of functional decline across three dementia types","volume":"9","author":"Gill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000091","article-title":"Trajectory of mobility decline by type of dementia","volume":"30","author":"Tolea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.06.2014","article-title":"Latent classes of dementia course show an optimistic prognosis for the majority of patients","volume":"13","author":"Haaksma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209990937","article-title":"One size fits all? Why we need more sophisticated analytical methods in the explanation of trajectories of cognition in older age and their potential risk factors","volume":"22","author":"Terrera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525861019303202?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525861019303202?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T19:19:20Z","timestamp":1761506360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525861019303202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1525861019303202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-8610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-8610","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Predicting Cognitive and Functional Trajectories in People With Late-Onset Dementia: 2 Population-Based Studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.03.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}