{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:49:21Z","timestamp":1790005761146,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anesthesiahistoryjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anesthesia History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T03:38:21Z","timestamp":1616211501000},"page":"17-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Historical Struggles of Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy: How Anesthesia Came to the Rescue"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0410-0298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Lava-Parmele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlene","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Parmele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.29046\/JJP.008.2.007","article-title":"An historical review of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"1990","journal-title":"Jefferson J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.111.12.933","article-title":"The origin and early history of electrotherapy and electroshock","volume":"111","author":"Harms","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.94.1.111","article-title":"The methodical use of hypoglycemia in the treatment of psychosis","volume":"94","author":"Sakel","year":"1937","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0004","series-title":"eds. Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences\/Clinical Psychiatry","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Chapter 36.37: Brain stimulation methods","author":"Sadock","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"The history of ECT: unsolved mysteries","volume":"21","author":"Shorter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatric Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0006","article-title":"Ugo Cerletti, a brief biography","author":"Sabbatini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Mind Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0007","series-title":"eds. Psychiatry","first-page":"1865","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy","author":"Rudorfer","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2008.10.1\/tcbaghai","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy and its different indications","volume":"10","author":"Baghai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0009","first-page":"890","article-title":"Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: a noble approach","volume":"4","author":"Pal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Res Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30162-X","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"16","author":"Khan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0011","first-page":"1351","volume":"94","author":"Ding","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e318038fce0","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy: a review of history, patient selection, technique, and medication management","volume":"100","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519090-00002","article-title":"Guide to anaesthetic selection for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"19","author":"Wagner","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(85)90016-2","article-title":"Memoriam: Abram Elting Bennett","volume":"20","author":"Thompson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0015","first-page":"322","article-title":"Preventing traumatic complications in convulsive shock therapy by curare","volume":"114","author":"Bennett","year":"1940","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0016","unstructured":"DanielBovet. Available at: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Bovet. Accessed on March 25, 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199401000-00046","article-title":"Use of muscle relaxants for electroconvulsive therapy: how much is enough?","volume":"78","author":"Fredman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0018","unstructured":"Wild Scenes in South America; Or, Life in the Llanos of Venezuela. April 17, 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Wild-Scenes-South-America-Venezuela\/dp\/1330480570. Accessed on March 25, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0019","unstructured":"Justin. Guachamacan: A 174-year-old Venezuelan Poison Mystery. Available at: https:\/\/naturespoisons.com\/2015\/11\/19\/guachamacan-a-174-year-old-venezuelan-poison-mystery-malouetine\/. Accessed on March 25, 2019."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2000.01423.x","article-title":"Prelude to pancuronium and vecuronium","volume":"55","author":"McKenzie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4103\/jgmh.jgmh_2_17","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly: anesthetic considerations and psychotropic interactions","volume":"4","author":"Garekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geriatr Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0022","first-page":"2","article-title":"Pharmacology of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Continuing education in anesthesia","volume":"4","author":"Appiah-Ankam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03485.x","article-title":"Onset and duration of action of vecuronium in the elderly: comparison with adults","volume":"36","author":"McCarthy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Anesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199107000-00008","article-title":"Distribution, elimination, and action of vecuronium in the elderly","volume":"73","author":"Lien","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03012514","article-title":"Low dose mivacurium is less effective than succinylcholine in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"46","author":"Cheam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2002.460609.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mivacurium in young adult and elderly patients","volume":"46","author":"\u00d8Stergaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0027","first-page":"54","article-title":"ECT modified by atracurium","volume":"3","author":"Hicks","year":"1987","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0028","series-title":"Biographical. NobelPrize.org","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01310.x","article-title":"The history of barbiturates","volume":"37","author":"Dundee","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anesthesia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(92)90067-B","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy-induced cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia with methohexital, thiamylal, or thiopental sodium","volume":"4","author":"Mokriski","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462008005000010","article-title":"Recovery after ECT: comparison of propofol, etomidate, and thiopental","volume":"30","author":"Rosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4212\/cjhp.v67i6.1408","article-title":"Patients\u2019 physical response to thiopental and alternative anesthetic agents in the setting of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"67","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0033","first-page":"383","article-title":"Comparison of anesthetics in electroconvulsive therapy: an effective treatment with the use of propofol, etomidate, and thiopental","volume":"10","author":"Zahavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treatment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4236\/ojd.2013.23007","article-title":"Depression and electroconvulsive therapy: review of current anesthesia considerations","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J Depress"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yct.0000244238.17791.a4","article-title":"A retrospective comparison of anesthetic agents in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"22","author":"Swaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200012000-00004","article-title":"A survey of methohexitone use by anesthetists in the clinical practice of ECT in Edinburgh","volume":"16","author":"Cook","year":"2000","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0037","series-title":"eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","article-title":"Chapter 19: General anesthetics and therapeutic gases","author":"Patel","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31815bfe2a","article-title":"Effects of general anesthetic agents in adults receiving electroconvulsive therapy: a systemic review","volume":"24","author":"Hooten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0039","first-page":"33","article-title":"Anesthesia for ECT","volume":"4","author":"Chanpattana","year":"2001","journal-title":"German J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31823a4220","article-title":"A within-subject comparison of propofol and methohexital anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"28","author":"Vaidya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.03.004","article-title":"Methohexitone, propofol and etomidate in electroconvulsive therapy for depression: a naturalistic comparison study","volume":"113","author":"Eranti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(96)00350-2","article-title":"A Review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Bergen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9686","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60949-1","article-title":"Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Jabre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yct.0000230362.96615.d9","article-title":"Anesthesia and electroconvulsive therapy: a retrospective study comparing etomidate and propofol","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0045","first-page":"493","article-title":"Update on anesthesia considerations for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"20","author":"Mayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Middle East J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0046","first-page":"1008","volume":"77","author":"Reddy","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0047","first-page":"596","article-title":"The comparative effects of methohexital, propofol, and etomidate for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"81","author":"Avramov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7444","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7444","article-title":"Etomidate puts patients at risk of adrenal crisis","volume":"345","author":"Hartle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01711723","article-title":"Adrenocortical suppression by a single induction dose of etomidate","volume":"62","author":"Allolio","year":"1984","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0050","article-title":"Drug companies don't want to be involved in executions, so they're suing to keep their drugs out","author":"Berman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002481","article-title":"John (Iain) Glen Wins 2018 Lasker Prize for development of propofol: an award for all of anesthesiology","volume":"129","author":"Jaffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0052","first-page":"920","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Miller's Anesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200309000-00002","article-title":"Indications for the use of propofol in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"19","author":"Bailine","year":"2003","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0054","article-title":"Jackson's death ruled a homicide","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"New York Times."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0055","article-title":"Coroner attributes Michael Jackson's death to propofol","author":"Surdin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0056","article-title":"Coroner's findings in Jackson death revealed","author":"Itzkoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"New York Times."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0057","first-page":"171","article-title":"US propofol drug shortages: a review of the problem and stakeholder analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hvisdas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0058","article-title":"Death row improvises, lacking lethal mix","author":"Lyman","year":"2013","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0059","article-title":"After E.U. threats, Missouri halts execution by propofol injection","year":"2013","journal-title":"Al Jazeera Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0060","unstructured":"Export Control Order 2008. Article 4A: provisions supplementing the torture regulation. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.im\/media\/1350009\/notice-1002-man-annex-f-export-control-jan-2016.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0061","unstructured":"Dr. Calvin Stevens. The Detroit news. November 30, 2014. Available at: https:\/\/www.legacy.com\/obituaries\/detroitnews\/obituary.aspx?n=calvin-stevens&pid=180779524&fhid=20947. Accessed on March 25, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0062","series-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","first-page":"806","author":"Baselt","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181ed09a2","article-title":"Taming the ketamine tiger","volume":"113","author":"Domino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0064","series-title":"Chronic Pain and Addiction","first-page":"166","author":"Clark","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196601000-00007","article-title":"Dissociative anesthesia: further pharmacologic studies and first clinical experience with the phencyclidine derivative Cl-581","volume":"45","author":"Corssen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x","article-title":"Ketamine use: a review","volume":"107","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2016.1252464","article-title":"The use of ketamine in ECT anesthesia: a systematic review and critical commentary on efficacy, cognitive, safety and seizure outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Galvez","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0068","series-title":"Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress","first-page":"123","article-title":"Ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy","author":"Loo","year":"2016"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3664-5","article-title":"Ketamine administration in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"231","author":"Fond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.01.003","article-title":"A systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of adjunctive ketamine in electroconvulsive therapy: efficacy and tolerability","volume":"62","author":"McGirr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000317","article-title":"Ketamine anesthesia, efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy, and cognitive functions in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"32","author":"Rybakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0072","first-page":"22","article-title":"Conscious sedation: a primer for outpatient procedures","volume":"36","author":"Spitalnic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hosp Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182222b8a","article-title":"Terrell, PhD, an anesthetic pioneer","volume":"113","author":"Burns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_132_17","article-title":"Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: an overview with an update on its role in potentiating electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"61","author":"Kadiyala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Anesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0075","first-page":"991","article-title":"Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy: a case report","volume":"50","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Masui"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069809","article-title":"Antidepressant and neurocognitive effects of isoflurane anesthesia versus electroconvulsive therapy in refractory depression","volume":"8","author":"Weeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200312000-00008","article-title":"The comparative effects of sevoflurane and methohexital for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"19","author":"Calarge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0078","article-title":"Federal report praising electroshock therapy stirs uproar","author":"Goode","year":"1999","journal-title":"New York Times."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0079","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anesthesia advances add to safety of ECT","volume":"29","author":"Kellner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr Times"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0080","first-page":"445","article-title":"Report of the NIMH-NIH consensus development conference on electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"22","author":"Blaine","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.29046\/JJP.019.1.001","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy: a review of its current status","volume":"19","author":"Kenning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jefferson J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0082","first-page":"192","article-title":"Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"10","author":"Uppal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0083","series-title":"Electroconvulsive Therapy","author":"Abrams","year":"1997"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.869","article-title":"Variation in ECT use in the United States","volume":"152","author":"Hermann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.1.8","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy - state of the art","volume":"182","author":"Eranti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200403000-00005","article-title":"A questionnaire survey of ECT practice in university hospitals and national hospitals in Japan","volume":"20","author":"Motohashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yct.0000166634.73555.e6","article-title":"Survey of the practice of electroconvulsive therapy in teaching hospitals in India","volume":"21","author":"Chanpattana","year":"2005","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0088","first-page":"644","article-title":"Naturalistic comparative study of outcome and cognitive effects of unmodified electro-convulsive therapy in schizophrenia, mania and severe depression in Nigeria","volume":"76","author":"Ikeji","year":"1999","journal-title":"J East African Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.117129","article-title":"Time to face new realities; mental health care bill-2013","volume":"55","author":"Kala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181a74368","article-title":"A survey of the practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Asia","volume":"26","author":"Chanpattana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.119468","article-title":"Mental health care bill and electroconvulsive therapy: anesthetic modification","volume":"35","author":"Gangadhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anesthesia History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352452921000074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352452921000074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:29:37Z","timestamp":1762460977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352452921000074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2352452921000074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-4529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-4529","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Historical Struggles of Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy: How Anesthesia Came to the Rescue","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Anesthesia History","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janh.2021.03.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Anesthesia History Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}