{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:00:41Z","timestamp":1760151641691,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anxiety Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T16:00:51Z","timestamp":1238428851000},"page":"806-812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dosed versus prolonged exposure in the treatment of fear: An experimental evaluation and review of behavioral mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Rubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Richard","family":"Spates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Jouppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/08824098809359804","article-title":"Antecedents of communication apprehension: a reaffirmation","volume":"5","author":"Ayres","year":"1988","journal-title":"Communication Research Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/03634528809378730","article-title":"Coping with speech anxiety: the power of positive thinking","volume":"37","author":"Ayres","year":"1988","journal-title":"Communication Education"},{"year":"2002","series-title":"Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic","author":"Barlow","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib3"},{"year":"1983","series-title":"Flooding and implosive therapy: direct therapeutic exposure in clinical practice","author":"Boudewyns","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib4"},{"year":"1994","series-title":"Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV)","author":"Brown","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.685","article-title":"Empirically supported psychological interventions: controversies and evidence","volume":"62","author":"Chambless","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.10.002","article-title":"Treatment of specific phobia in adults","volume":"27","author":"Choy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2003.11.002","article-title":"The effect of the decreased safety behaviors on anxiety and negative thoughts in social phobics","volume":"19","author":"Eun-Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.20","article-title":"Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information","volume":"99","author":"Foa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(95)00048-8","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization of public-speaking anxiety: a partial dismantling","volume":"26","author":"Foley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib11","series-title":"Handbook of exposure therapies","first-page":"61","article-title":"Exposure therapy and cognitive interventions for the anxiety disorders: overview and newer third-generation perspectives","author":"Forsyth","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000004078.93012.7d","article-title":"Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD?","volume":"16","author":"Hembree","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib13","series-title":"Handbook of exposure therapies","first-page":"247","article-title":"Exposure therapy for phobias","author":"Hirai","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1992.75.3f.1067","article-title":"Positive thinking reduces heart rate and fear responses to speech-phobic imagery","volume":"75","author":"Hu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Perceptual & Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/003151259508100249","article-title":"Effects of positive attitude toward giving a speech on cardiovascular and subjective fear responses during speech in anxious subjects","volume":"81","author":"Hu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Perceptual & Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.97.3f.1091","article-title":"Imagined events with specific emotional valence produce specific patterns of facial EMG activity","volume":"97","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perceptual & Motor Skills"},{"year":"2008","series-title":"Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: an assessment of the evidence","author":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academies","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib17"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.00078","article-title":"Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii","volume":"40","author":"Larsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib19","first-page":"145","article-title":"Final comments on Lipke's critique of Lohr, Tolin, and Lilienfeld (1998)","volume":"23","author":"Lohr","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Behavior Therapist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib20","series-title":"Theories of behavior therapy: exploring behavior change","first-page":"145","article-title":"Two-factor theory: implications for understanding anxiety-based clinical phenomena","author":"McAllister","year":"1995"},{"year":"1982","series-title":"An introduction to rhetorical communication","author":"McCroskey","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib21"},{"year":"2004","series-title":"Concepts and principles of behavior analysis","author":"Michael","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib22"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.1999.00599.x","article-title":"Does reducing safety behaviors improve treatment response in patients with social phobia?","volume":"33","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2007.07.007","article-title":"Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Parsons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(96)90025-5","article-title":"Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"37","author":"Pittman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90023-X","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization: a partial dismantling study","volume":"25","author":"Renfrey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib27","series-title":"Handbook of exposure therapies","first-page":"1","article-title":"Description, mechanisms of action, and assessment","author":"Richard","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.1.4.348","article-title":"Stronger suboptimal than optimal affective priming?","volume":"1","author":"Rotteveel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib29","unstructured":"Seim, R., & Spates, C. R. (2008, May). The efficacy of brief exposure durations in the treatment of animal phobias. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490020207","article-title":"Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories","volume":"2","author":"Shapiro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"year":"1995","series-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: basic principles, protocols, and procedures","author":"Shapiro","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib31"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib32","first-page":"62","article-title":"From eye movement and desensitization and reprocessing to exposure therapy: a review of the evidence for shared mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Spates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib33","series-title":"Effective treatments for PTSD","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing","author":"Spates","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib34","first-page":"A352","article-title":"Dosed versus prolonged exposure in treating fear: emerging evidence of a less aversive treatment alternative","volume":"41","author":"Spates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib35","first-page":"148","article-title":"A critique of Lohr et al.\u2019s (1998) review of EMD\/R and Lipke's commentary: of messages and messengers","volume":"23","author":"Spates","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behavior Therapist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib36","series-title":"Handbook of exposure therapies","first-page":"29","article-title":"Animal Models of exposure therapy: a selective review","author":"Todd","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159033360539","article-title":"Pharmacological studies of the molecular basis of memory extinction","volume":"1","author":"Vianna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib38","first-page":"2117","article-title":"Continuous and interrupted exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety (Doctoral dissertation, Western Michigan University, 2004)","volume":"65","author":"Waller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International-B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib39","series-title":"Proceedings of the third world congress of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","article-title":"Interventions for PTSD: a meta-analysis and quantitative review","author":"Waller","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005_bib40","first-page":"161","article-title":"Implementation of empirically supported treatment for PTSD: obstacles and innovations","volume":"23","author":"Zayfert","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Behavior Therapist"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anxiety Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887618509000802?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887618509000802?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:51:47Z","timestamp":1760136707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0887618509000802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0887618509000802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-6185"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0887-6185"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dosed versus prolonged exposure in the treatment of fear: An experimental evaluation and review of behavioral mechanisms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.03.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}