{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:59:40Z","timestamp":1790780380849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,18]],"date-time":"2012-01-18T14:22:49Z","timestamp":1326896569000},"page":"J170-J176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Hormone replacement and contraceptive therapy in autoimmune diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Aisha","family":"Lateef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780221103","article-title":"Approach to the study of the role of sex hormones in autoimmunity","volume":"22","author":"Steinberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780221102","article-title":"Sex hormone modulation of autoimmunity in NZB\/NZW mice","volume":"22","author":"Roubinian","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380914","article-title":"Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Race and gender differences","volume":"38","author":"McCarty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib4","first-page":"816","article-title":"Lupus disease activity associated with menstrual cycle","volume":"12","author":"Steinberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq360","article-title":"Self-reported flaring varies during the menstrual cycle in systemic lupus erythematosus compared with rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia","volume":"50","author":"Colangelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22510","article-title":"Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in women","volume":"56","author":"Costenbader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24398","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptive use and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"61","author":"Bernier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-6-199503150-00005","article-title":"Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and the risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"122","author":"Sanchez-Guerrero","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780231213","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"Garovich","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/30.6.471","article-title":"Malignant hypertension and antiphospholipid antibodies as presenting features of SLE in a young woman using oral contraceptives","volume":"30","author":"Julkunen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.5.563","article-title":"Risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in southern Sweden","volume":"41","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10365","article-title":"Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a population-based, case-control study","volume":"46","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.169.245","article-title":"Female systemic lupus erythematosus in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan: a case-control study of dietary and reproductive factors","volume":"169","author":"Minami","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117302","article-title":"Shingles, allergies, family medical history, oral contraceptives, and other potential risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"140","author":"Strom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib15","first-page":"489","article-title":"Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus have increased renal excretion of mitogenic estrogens in relation to endogenous antiestrogens","volume":"31","author":"Weidler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu1094oa","article-title":"Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity","volume":"13","author":"Cutolo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1177\/096120330101001104","article-title":"Indole-3-carbinol in women with SLE: effect on estrogen metabolism and disease activity","volume":"10","author":"McAlindon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib18","first-page":"241","article-title":"Hormonal contraception: state of the art and future perspectives","volume":"59","author":"Benagiano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn348","article-title":"Pregnancy in women with pre-existing lupus nephritis: predictors of fetal and maternal outcome","volume":"24","author":"Imbasciati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.2.133","article-title":"Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: a prospective study of 78 pregnancies","volume":"35","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361011","article-title":"Lupus and pregnancy studies","volume":"36","author":"Urowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199905)42:5<882::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Frequency of fractures in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with United States population data","volume":"42","author":"Ramsey-Goldman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib23","first-page":"2159","article-title":"Hormonal supplementation as treatment for cyclical rashes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Pando","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051135","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"353","author":"Petri","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050817","article-title":"A\u00a0trial of contraceptive methods in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"353","author":"Sanchez-Guerrero","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-199508000-00002","article-title":"Can women with systemic lupus erythematosus safely use exogenous estrogens?","volume":"1","author":"Buyon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749109096822","article-title":"Oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: side-effects and influence on the activity of SLE","volume":"20","author":"Julkunen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780250603","article-title":"Influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"Jungers","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.08.012","article-title":"Pregnane progestin contraception in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal study of 187 patients","volume":"83","author":"Chabbert-Buffet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(11)70009-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of the contraceptive pill and venous thromboembolism","volume":"127","author":"Hannaford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-007-0721-z","article-title":"Lupus nephritis and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon are significant risk factors for vascular thrombosis in SLE patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Choojitarom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000015345.61324.3F","article-title":"Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) study: oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic stroke","volume":"33","author":"Kemmeren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003216","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"345","author":"Tanis","year":"2001","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70239-X","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Urbanus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib35","first-page":"414","article-title":"Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception in women with medical problems","volume":"41","author":"Frederiksen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790080305","article-title":"Musculoskeletal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort: an update","volume":"8","author":"Petri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000117082.49490.d5","article-title":"Effects of hormonal contraception on bone mineral density after 24 months of use","volume":"103","author":"Berenson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.07.027","article-title":"The effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on bone mineral density (BMD) and evaluating changes in BMD after discontinuation of DMPA in Chinese women of reproductive age","volume":"83","author":"Gai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.04.003","article-title":"Effects of the long-term use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate as hormonal contraceptive on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone remodeling","volume":"74","author":"Shaarawy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2007.10.005","article-title":"Bone density recovery after depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception use","volume":"77","author":"Kaunitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0032","article-title":"Use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and fracture risk","volume":"95","author":"Meier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.1.49","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen\/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II)","volume":"288","author":"Grady","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Rossouw","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib44","first-page":"556","article-title":"Circulating hormone levels in menopausal women receiving different hormone replacement therapy regimens. A comparison","volume":"40","author":"Castelo-Branco","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib45","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus or discoid lupus","volume":"25","author":"Meier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-12_Part_1-200506210-00004","article-title":"The effect of combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy on disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized trial","volume":"142","author":"Buyon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/03009749850154357","article-title":"Safety of hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Mok","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22855","article-title":"Menopause hormonal therapy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"56","author":"Sanchez-Guerrero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339400300104","article-title":"Safety of hormone replacement therapy (hormone replacement therapy) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)","volume":"3","author":"Arden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib50","first-page":"2149","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"24","author":"Kreidstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20060228","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone and conjugated oestrogen are equivalent for hot flushes: a 1-year randomized double-blind trial following premenopausal ovariectomy","volume":"112","author":"Prior","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1P366","article-title":"Use of gabapentin for the management of natural or surgical menopausal hot flashes","volume":"45","author":"Hayes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000196595.82452.ca","article-title":"Sertraline to treat hot flashes: a randomized controlled, double-blind, crossover trial in a general population","volume":"13","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<338::AID-ANR17>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Premature morbidity from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"42","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg436","article-title":"Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus\u2013proposed guidelines for risk factor management","volume":"43","author":"Wajed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203308097475","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"18","author":"Hochman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318156bbf5","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L II): relationship between vascular events and the use of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Fernandez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.12.021","article-title":"Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study","volume":"34","author":"Bagger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1553-6","article-title":"The effect of 1-year transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteopenic postmenopausal systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Bhattoa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400120","article-title":"Suppression of type II collagen-induced arthritis by the endogenous estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol","volume":"40","author":"Josefsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080302","article-title":"An angiogenesis inhibitor, 2-methoxyestradiol, involutes rat collagen-induced arthritis and suppresses gene expression of synovial vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"35","author":"Brahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R7","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2591","article-title":"Women, men, and rheumatoid arthritis: analyses of disease activity, disease characteristics, and treatments in the QUEST-RA study","volume":"11","author":"Sokka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-007-0072-5","article-title":"The remission of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Ostensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib64","first-page":"2597","article-title":"Increased estrogen formation and estrogen to androgen ratio in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Castagnetta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24859","article-title":"Estrone\/17beta-estradiol conversion to, and tumor necrosis factor inhibition by, estrogen metabolites in synovial cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"60","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30416","article-title":"The relationship between oral contraceptive use and functional outcome in women with recent-onset inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register","volume":"63","author":"Camacho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.5.405","article-title":"Pregnancy and oral contraceptive use do not significantly influence outcome in long term rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"61","author":"Drossaers-Bakker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/XXVIII.suppl_1.28","article-title":"Oral contraceptive treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: an open study in 10 female patients","volume":"28","author":"Hazes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03070160059013","article-title":"Norethynodrel with Mestranol in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"190","author":"Gilbert","year":"1964","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748309102886","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy and hormonal changes on the activity of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Ostensen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.50.2.72","article-title":"Oral contraception and its possible protection against rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"50","author":"Hazes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008846","article-title":"Controversy of oral contraceptives and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analysis of conflicting studies and review of conflicting meta-analyses with special emphasis on analysis of heterogeneity","volume":"144","author":"Pladevall-Vila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330705","article-title":"Exogenous sex hormones and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Hernandez-Avila","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib74","first-page":"207","article-title":"The effect of oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population based study","volume":"31","author":"Doran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137133","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis stabilises bone mineral density by digital x-ray radiogrammetry in a randomised controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Forsblad-d\u2019Elia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib76","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Influence of hormone replacement therapy on disease progression and bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"D\u2019Elia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780371014","article-title":"Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with and without steroids","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.1.54","article-title":"Effects of hormone replacement therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"53","author":"MacDonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23325","article-title":"Effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on rheumatoid arthritis: the women\u2019s health initiative randomized controlled trials","volume":"59","author":"Walitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.75","article-title":"Epidemiology of CVD in rheumatic disease, with a focus on RA and SLE","volume":"7","author":"Symmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib81","first-page":"445","article-title":"Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in Northern Sweden","volume":"24","author":"Wallberg-Jonsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740600844498","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy may prevent the development of isolated pulmonary hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis and limited cutaneous involvement","volume":"35","author":"Beretta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00708-5","article-title":"Effect of long-term estrogen therapy on brachial arterial endothelium-dependent vasodilation in women with Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Lekakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-004-0963-y","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis following oral contraception","volume":"24","author":"Beretta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-007-0377-7","article-title":"A\u00a0case of Budd-Chiari syndrome with BeHormonal contraceptiveset\u2019s disease and oral contraceptive usage","volume":"28","author":"Akbas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-005-0048-5","article-title":"Deep venous thrombosis in a patient with BeHormonal contraceptiveset\u2019s disease and homozygous prothrombin (factor II) G20210A mutation on oral contraceptive pills","volume":"26","author":"Uthman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841111001156?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841111001156?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T08:05:33Z","timestamp":1760256333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896841111001156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0896841111001156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hormone replacement and contraceptive therapy in autoimmune diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}