{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:36:13Z","timestamp":1789724173316,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T10:39:16Z","timestamp":1374057556000},"page":"74-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The interplay between regulatory and effector T cells in autoimmune hepatitis: Implications for innovative treatment strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Muratori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Serena","family":"Longhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050408","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"354","author":"Krawitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.01.020","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis in Italy: the Bologna experience","volume":"50","author":"Muratori","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23584","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Manns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.002","article-title":"Liver autoimmune serology: a consensus statement from the committee for autoimmune serology of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group","volume":"41","author":"Vergani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322","article-title":"Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Hennes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250308","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis in childhood: a 20-year experience","volume":"25","author":"Gregorio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2174\/138955709788452676","article-title":"Diagnosis and therapy of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"9","author":"Granito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.09.009","article-title":"Relapse is almost universal after withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication in patients with autoimmune hepatitis in remission","volume":"58","author":"van Gerven","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798157568","article-title":"Promising pharmacological, molecular and cellular treatments of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"17","author":"Czaja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib10","article-title":"Nonstandard drugs and feasible new interventions for autoimmune hepatitis. Part-II","author":"Czaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib11","article-title":"Nonstandard drugs and feasible new interventions for autoimmune hepatitis. Part-I","author":"Czaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/512132","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis: focusing on treatments other than steroids","volume":"26","author":"Czaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12042","article-title":"Systematic review: managing suboptimal treatment responses in autoimmune hepatitis with conventional and nonstandard drugs","volume":"36","author":"Selvarajah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.08.010","article-title":"Aetiopathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"34","author":"Longhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8236-9","article-title":"Cutting edge issues in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"42","author":"Vergani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib16","first-page":"126","article-title":"Th17 cells: the emerging reciprocal partner of regulatory T cells in the liver","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122","article-title":"Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses","volume":"22","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2785","article-title":"FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system","volume":"10","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2011.06.003","article-title":"Regulatory T cell lineage commitment in the thymus","volume":"23","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.11.010","article-title":"Becoming self-aware: the thymic education of regulatory T cells","volume":"23","author":"Lio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1265","article-title":"Inducing and expanding regulatory T cell populations by foreign antigen","volume":"6","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030152","article-title":"Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25\u2212 naive T cells to CD4\u00a0+\u00a0CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/83784","article-title":"Disruption of a new forkhead\/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse","volume":"27","author":"Brunkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/83707","article-title":"X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy","volume":"27","author":"Wildin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/83713","article-title":"The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3","volume":"27","author":"Bennett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079490","article-title":"Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3","volume":"299","author":"Hori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/ni904","article-title":"Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4\u00a0+\u00a0CD25+ regulatory T cells","volume":"4","author":"Fontenot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1437","article-title":"Maintenance of the Foxp3-dependent developmental program in mature regulatory T cells requires continued expression of Foxp3","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm014","article-title":"Activation-induced FOXP3 in human T effector cells does not suppress proliferation or cytokine production","volume":"19","author":"Allan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6659","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509484103","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of normal and FOXP3-mutant human T cells: FOXP3 expression without regulatory T cell development","volume":"103","author":"Gavin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-094656","article-title":"Induction of FOXP3 expression in naive human CD4\u00a0+\u00a0FOXP3 T cells by T-cell receptor stimulation is transforming growth factor-beta dependent but does not confer a regulatory phenotype","volume":"110","author":"Tran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636435","article-title":"Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050038","article-title":"Epigenetic control of the foxp3 locus in regulatory T cells","volume":"5","author":"Floess","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2003.09.011","article-title":"Control of immune homeostasis by naturally arising regulatory CD4+ T cells","volume":"15","author":"Gavin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811556106","article-title":"Heterogeneity of natural Foxp3+ T cells: a committed regulatory T-cell lineage and an uncommitted minor population retaining plasticity","volume":"106","author":"Komatsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838105","article-title":"DNA methylation controls Foxp3 gene expression","volume":"38","author":"Polansky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08750","article-title":"Role of conserved non-coding DNA elements in the Foxp3 gene in regulatory T-cell fate","volume":"463","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36828","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M608848200","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by Foxp3 is associated with direct promoter occupancy and modulation of histone acetylation","volume":"281","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00405.x","article-title":"FOXP3 ensembles in T-cell regulation","volume":"212","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14023","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806726105","article-title":"TGF-beta and IL-6 signals modulate chromatin binding and promoter occupancy by acetylated FOXP3","volume":"105","author":"Samanta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2474","article-title":"Epigenetic control of FOXP3 expression: the\u00a0key to a stable regulatory T-cell lineage?","volume":"9","author":"Huehn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.05.021","article-title":"Developmental plasticity of Th17 and Treg cells","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-133967","article-title":"Human CD25highFoxp3pos regulatory T cells differentiate into IL-17-producing cells","volume":"112","author":"Koenen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1760","article-title":"Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: differentiation, specification, subphenotypes","volume":"10","author":"Feuerer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.08.004","article-title":"Developmental plasticity of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"22","author":"Hori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.04.004","article-title":"Regulatory T cell plasticity: beyond the controversies","volume":"32","author":"Hori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.06.001","article-title":"Functional stability of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"18","author":"da Silva Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3464","article-title":"The plasticity and stability of regulatory T cells","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.03.008","article-title":"Impairment of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells in autoimmune liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Longhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23792","article-title":"A\u00a0multifaceted imbalance of T cells with regulatory function characterizes type 1 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Ferri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.05.001","article-title":"Effect of CD4\u00a0+\u00a0CD25+ regulatory T-cells on CD8 T-cell function in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"25","author":"Longhi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4484","article-title":"Functional study of CD4\u00a0+\u00a0CD25+ regulatory T cells in health and autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"176","author":"Longhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22914","article-title":"Vigorous activation of monocytes in juvenile autoimmune liver disease escapes the control of regulatory T-cells","volume":"50","author":"Longhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.029","article-title":"FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis are fully functional and not reduced in frequency","volume":"57","author":"Peiseler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib55","first-page":"910A","article-title":"Multiple defects of the immunoregulatory system contribute to the development of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib56","first-page":"S374","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional signature of CD4posCD25highCD127low regulatory T-cells in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"56","author":"Liberal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M112.018713","article-title":"Identification of new autoantigens by protein array indicates a role for IL4 neutralization in autoimmune hepatitis","author":"Zingaretti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00129","article-title":"TH17 cells in autoimmunity and immunodeficiency: protective or pathogenic?","volume":"3","author":"Marwaha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.03.044","article-title":"Th17 cells: biology, pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"181","author":"Maddur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.05.004","article-title":"Defining the human T helper 17 cell phenotype","volume":"33","author":"Annunziato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2660","article-title":"Interplay between the TH17 and TReg cell lineages: a (co-)evolutionary perspective","volume":"9","author":"Weaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.138","article-title":"Heterogeneity and plasticity of T helper cells","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.08.003","article-title":"Deciphering the role of Th17 cells in human disease","volume":"32","author":"Wilke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002949","article-title":"Human TH17 cells are long-lived effector memory cells","volume":"3","author":"Kryczek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.12.012","article-title":"Nature and nurture in Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell development, stability, and function","volume":"73","author":"Geiger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.12.012","article-title":"Plasticity of Foxp3(+) T cells reflects promiscuous Foxp3 expression in conventional T cells but not reprogramming of regulatory T cells","volume":"36","author":"Miyao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2217\/1750743X.1.1.27","article-title":"T-regulatory\/T-helper 17: promiscuous signals and fear of commitment","volume":"1","author":"Tartar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102173","article-title":"The plasticity of regulatory T cell function","volume":"187","author":"Pillai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6532","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-317321","article-title":"Plasticity of human Th17 cells and iTregs is orchestrated by different subsets of myeloid cells","volume":"117","author":"Hoechst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091442","article-title":"Nine lives: plasticity among T helper cell subsets","volume":"206","author":"Locksley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018909","article-title":"Interleukin-17 contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis through inducing hepatic interleukin-6 expression","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.04.005","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and autoimmune hepatitis: defective cells or a hostile environment?","volume":"57","author":"Oo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.046","article-title":"Budesonide induces remission more effectively than prednisone in a controlled trial of patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"139","author":"Manns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.032","article-title":"Mycophenolate for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: prospective assessment of its efficacy and safety for induction and maintenance of remission in a large cohort of treatment-naive patients","volume":"55","author":"Zachou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90454-9","article-title":"Cyclosporine treatment of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis","volume":"93","author":"Hyams","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80615-4","article-title":"Cyclosporine in the management of corticosteroid-resistant type I autoimmune chronic active hepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Sherman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib77","first-page":"771","article-title":"Tacrolimus: a potential new treatment for autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: results of an open-label preliminary trial","volume":"90","author":"Van Thiel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80128-1","article-title":"Successful treatment of refractory type 1 autoimmune hepatitis with methotrexate","volume":"29","author":"Burak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00807.x","article-title":"Cyclosporine therapy in patients with steroid resistant autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"94","author":"Fernandes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80065-8","article-title":"Short-term cyclosporine induces a remission of autoimmune hepatitis in children","volume":"30","author":"Alvarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02745.x","article-title":"Tacrolimus without or with the addition of conventional immunosuppressive treatment in juvenile autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"101","author":"Marlaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04749.x","article-title":"Use of tacrolimus in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: a single centre experience","volume":"34","author":"Tannous","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i23.3232","article-title":"Low-dose tacrolimus ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in steroid refractory autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01107.x","article-title":"Transplant immunosuppressive agents in non-transplant chronic autoimmune hepatitis: the Canadian association for the study of liver (CASL) experience with mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus","volume":"25","author":"Chatur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000139050.67178.be","article-title":"Efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of steroid refractory autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"38","author":"Aqel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00674.x","article-title":"Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in Japanese patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8536867","article-title":"The successful treatment of autoimmune hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine after failure with azathioprine","volume":"110","author":"Pratt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.agast962027","article-title":"Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine and autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"110","author":"Yarze","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181f3d9c0","article-title":"Successful treatment of autoimmune hepatitis with methotrexate","volume":"52","author":"Sultan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.05346.x","article-title":"Methotrexate therapy for refractory chronic active autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"96","author":"Venkataramani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.5.3137","article-title":"Reprogrammed FoxP3+ T regulatory cells become IL-17+ antigen-specific autoimmune effectors in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo","volume":"181","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05070.x","article-title":"Ustekinumab: lessons learned from targeting interleukin-12\/23p40 in immune-mediated diseases","volume":"1182","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib93","article-title":"Cytokine-based therapy in psoriasis","author":"Mitra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.02.014","article-title":"Systematic review of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis: a new biologic agent targeting the interleukin-6 receptor","volume":"34","author":"Navarro-Millan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib95","first-page":"39","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of tocilizumab and anakinra in rheumatoid arthritis: management decisions","volume":"3","author":"Mahamid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.08.003","article-title":"Impact of interleukin-6 classic- and trans-signaling on liver damage and regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Drucker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34477","article-title":"Brief report: inhibition of interleukin-6 function corrects Th17\/Treg cell imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"64","author":"Samson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040391","article-title":"IL-6: regulator of Treg\/Th17 balance","volume":"40","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.08.005","article-title":"Interleukin-2 receptor signaling in regulatory T cell development and homeostasis","volume":"114","author":"Burchill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.08.004","article-title":"Interleukin-2 receptor signaling: at the interface between tolerance and immunity","volume":"33","author":"Malek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108188","article-title":"Interleukin-2 and regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease","volume":"365","author":"Koreth","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105143","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculitis","volume":"365","author":"Saadoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930902785363","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for autoimmune diseases","volume":"42","author":"Arnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.12.1102","article-title":"Inhibition of differentiation, amplification, and function of human TH17 cells by\u00a0intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"127","author":"Maddur","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib105","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of IVIG on IL-17 production by Th17 cells is independent of anti-IL-17 antibodies in the immunoglobulin preparations","author":"Maddur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-079947","article-title":"Expansion of CD4\u00a0+\u00a0CD25+ regulatory T cells by intravenous immunoglobulin: a critical factor in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"111","author":"Ephrem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5571","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy affects T regulatory cells by increasing their suppressive function","volume":"179","author":"Kessel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-138073","article-title":"Activation of natural regulatory T cells by IgG Fc-derived peptide \u201cTregitopes\u201d","volume":"112","author":"De Groot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.08.017","article-title":"Tregitope update: mechanism of action parallels IVIg","volume":"12","author":"Cousens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9762-4","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo studies of IgG-derived Treg epitopes (Tregitopes): a promising new tool for tolerance induction and treatment of autoimmunity","volume":"33","author":"Cousens","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22071","article-title":"Expansion and de novo generation of potentially therapeutic regulatory T\u00a0cells in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"47","author":"Longhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24039","article-title":"Autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells, a potential tool for immune-tolerance reconstitution in type-2 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"53","author":"Longhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841113000905?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841113000905?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T08:08:31Z","timestamp":1760256511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896841113000905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["S0896841113000905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The interplay between regulatory and effector T cells in autoimmune hepatitis: Implications for innovative treatment strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}