{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:28:51Z","timestamp":1792114131694,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T04:00:20Z","timestamp":1392264020000},"page":"143-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Diagnostic and clinical classification of autoimmune myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48-49","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Berrih-Aknin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lin\u00e9e","family":"Frenkian-Cuvelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Eymard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/85520","article-title":"Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Hoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22312","article-title":"Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis","volume":"69","author":"Higuchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib3","first-page":"427","article-title":"Anti-LRP4 autoantibodies in AChR- and MuSK-antibody-negative myasthenia gravis","volume":"259","author":"Pevzner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1981.tb33764.x","article-title":"The natural course of myasthenia gravis and effect of therapeutic measures","volume":"377","author":"Grob","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903563491","article-title":"Thymic remodeling associated with hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis","volume":"43","author":"Le Panse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.007","article-title":"The different roles of the thymus in the pathogenesis of the various myasthenia gravis subtypes","volume":"12","author":"Marx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.011","article-title":"Ectopic germinal centers, BAFF and anti-B-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis","volume":"12","author":"Berrih-Aknin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.7.2115","article-title":"Thymic B cells from myasthenia gravis patients are activated B cells. Phenotypic and functional analysis","volume":"145","author":"Leprince","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199910)46:4<559::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Prevention of autoimmune attack by targeting specific T-cell receptors in a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model of myasthenia gravis","volume":"46","author":"Aissaoui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ueber myasthenia gravis pseudoparalytica","volume":"32","author":"Jolly","year":"1895","journal-title":"Berl Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib11","first-page":"319","article-title":"Pharmacology and nerve-endings (Walter Ernest Dixon Memorial Lecture): (Section of Therapeutics and Pharmacology)","volume":"28","author":"Dale","year":"1935","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)94294-6","article-title":"Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine","volume":"1","author":"Walker","year":"1934","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1158\/ajc.1936.421","article-title":"The thymoma and thymic hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis with observations on the general pathology","volume":"27","author":"Norris","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193910000-00005","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis and tumors of the thymic region: report of a case in which the tumor was removed","volume":"110","author":"Blalock","year":"1939","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib15","first-page":"316","article-title":"Thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, report of 20 cases","volume":"13","author":"Blalock","year":"1944","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/003693306000501001","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: a new hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"Simpson","year":"1960","journal-title":"Scott Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90248-7","article-title":"Search for a neuromuscular blocking agent in the blood of patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"26","author":"Nastuk","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.180.4088.871","article-title":"Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor","volume":"180","author":"Patrick","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4109.293","article-title":"Neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis: decreased acetylcholine receptors","volume":"182","author":"Fambrough","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179220","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: passive transfer from man to mouse","volume":"190","author":"Toyka","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92779-8","article-title":"Humoral antibodies to acetylcholine receptor in patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"2","author":"Aharonov","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.11.1054","article-title":"Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value","volume":"26","author":"Lindstrom","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117302","article-title":"Regulation of acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit variants in human myasthenia gravis. Quantification of steady-state levels of messenger RNA in muscle biopsy using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"94","author":"Guyon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1248","article-title":"Regulation of acetylcholine receptor gene expression in human myasthenia gravis muscles. Evidences for a compensatory mechanism triggered by receptor loss","volume":"102","author":"Guyon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-46","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis","volume":"10","author":"Carr","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70063-8","article-title":"Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Meriggioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23964","article-title":"Late onset myasthenia gravis: a review when incidence in the older adults keeps increasing","volume":"48","author":"Alkhawajah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(91)90017-7","article-title":"Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in neonatal myasthenia gravis: heterogeneity and pathogenic significance","volume":"4","author":"Eymard","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.100545","article-title":"Clinical and serological study of myasthenia gravis in HuBei Province, China","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn092","article-title":"IgG1 antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in \u2018seronegative\u2019 myasthenia gravis","volume":"131","author":"Leite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.12.1246","article-title":"Acetylcholine receptor antibody as a diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis: results in 153 validated cases and 2967 diagnostic assays","volume":"48","author":"Vincent","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.1.66","article-title":"Anti-AChR antibodies, thymic histology, and T cell subsets in myasthenia gravis","volume":"34","author":"Berrih","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.001","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis with antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4","volume":"12","author":"Verschuuren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib34","first-page":"6","article-title":"Role of the thymus in the physiopathology of myasthenia","volume":"151","author":"Eymard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1003","article-title":"Differential estrogen receptor expression in autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"146","author":"Nancy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.06.020","article-title":"Autoimmune associations and autoantibody screening show focused recognition in patient subgroups with generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"74","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23691","article-title":"Risk for myasthenia gravis maps to a (151) Pro\u2192Ala change in TNIP1 and to human leukocyte antigen-B*08","volume":"72","author":"Gregersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib38","article-title":"Three types of striational antibodies in myasthenia gravis","volume":"2011","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01785.x","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis patients with ryanodine receptor antibodies have distinctive clinical features","volume":"14","author":"Romi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg223","article-title":"Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"126","author":"Evoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20386","article-title":"Fewer thymic changes in MuSK antibody-positive than in MuSK antibody-negative MG","volume":"57","author":"Leite","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328364d6cd","article-title":"Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: autoantibody mechanisms and new developments on immune regulation","volume":"26","author":"Le Panse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000228225.23349.5d","article-title":"Anti-MuSK antibodies: correlation with myasthenia gravis severity","volume":"67","author":"Bartoccioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20061","article-title":"Detection and characterization of MuSK antibodies in seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"55","author":"McConville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2393","article-title":"Autoantibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4 in patients with double-seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.1.138","article-title":"Neonatal myasthenia-gravis \u2013 a new clinical and immunological appraisal on 30 cases","volume":"38","author":"Morel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.03.006","article-title":"Severe neonatal myasthenia due to maternal anti-MuSK antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Behin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92652-6","article-title":"Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with maternal autoantibodies specific for a fetal antigen","volume":"346","author":"Vincent","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000278101.95510.09","article-title":"Isolated facial and bulbar paresis: a persistent manifestation of neonatal myasthenia gravis","volume":"70","author":"Jeannet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841114000055?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841114000055?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T08:07:21Z","timestamp":1760256441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896841114000055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0896841114000055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718279828.793519618","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnostic and clinical classification of autoimmune myasthenia gravis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}