{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:56:47Z","timestamp":1790704607250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]],"date-time":"2014-01-24T02:30:44Z","timestamp":1390530644000},"page":"20-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":222,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Diagnosis and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48-49","author":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Puerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricard","family":"Cervera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib1","series-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome in systemic autoimmune diseases","author":"Cervera","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.014175","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with infections: clinical and microbiological characteristics of 100 patients","volume":"63","author":"Cervera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.07.003","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies associated with malignancies: clinical and pathological characteristics of 120 patients","volume":"35","author":"Gomez-Puerta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000172074.53583.ea","article-title":"Long-term follow-up in 128 patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: do they develop lupus?","volume":"84","author":"Gomez-Puerta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib5","series-title":"History, classification, and subsets of the antiphospholipid syndrome","author":"Asherson","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib6","first-page":"508","article-title":"The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Asherson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib7","series-title":"Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome","author":"Mehrania","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22066","article-title":"The estimated frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with pregnancy morbidity, stroke, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis","author":"Andreoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.06.009","article-title":"Lessons from the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) registry","volume":"6","author":"Cervera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.008","article-title":"Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): descriptive analysis of a series of 280 patients from the \u201cCAPS Registry\u201d","volume":"32","author":"Cervera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6399.1088","article-title":"Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant","volume":"287","author":"Hughes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0409","article-title":"Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Petri","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4120","article-title":"Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H)","volume":"87","author":"McNeil","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91374-J","article-title":"Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor","volume":"335","author":"Galli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(02)00144-1","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Espinosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1112830","article-title":"The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"368","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10187","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients","volume":"46","author":"Cervera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.093179","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients","volume":"68","author":"Cervera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649901","article-title":"Criteria for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants: an update. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant\/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the ISTH","volume":"74","author":"Brandt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1309::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop","volume":"42","author":"Wilson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x","article-title":"International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)","volume":"4","author":"Miyakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu394oa","article-title":"Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines","volume":"12","author":"Asherson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.067314","article-title":"Assessment of the 2006 revised antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria","volume":"66","author":"Kaul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.025759","article-title":"Validation of the preliminary criteria for the classification of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Cervera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20098","article-title":"Laboratory and clinical features of pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome and neonatal outcome","volume":"62","author":"Ruffatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33340","article-title":"Efficacy of the antiphospholipid score for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome and its predictive value for thrombotic events","volume":"64","author":"Otomo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes388","article-title":"GAPSS: the global anti-phospholipid syndrome score","volume":"52","author":"Sciascia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.9.1050","article-title":"Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"295","author":"Lim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-013-8407-x","article-title":"Discontinuation of anticoagulation or antiaggregation treatment may be safe in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome when antiphospholipid antibodies became persistently negative","volume":"56","author":"Coloma Bazan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310395803","article-title":"Evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: report of a task force at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37759","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot open-label phase II trial of rituximab for non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Erkan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.05.004","article-title":"Rituximab use in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: descriptive analysis of the CAPS registry patients receiving rituximab","volume":"12","author":"Berman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34440","article-title":"Brief report: induction of sustained remission in recurrent catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome via inhibition of terminal complement with eculizumab","volume":"64","author":"Shapira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12319","article-title":"Eculizumab improves posttransplant thrombotic microangiopathy due to antiphospholipid syndrome recurrence but fails to prevent chronic vascular changes","volume":"13","author":"Canaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu388oa","article-title":"Prophylaxis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: a consensus report","volume":"12","author":"Alarcon-Segovia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22663","article-title":"Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals","volume":"56","author":"Erkan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu393oa","article-title":"Treatment of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Tincani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2001.d01-13.x","article-title":"Risk factors associated with fetal losses in treated antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies: a multivariate analysis","volume":"46","author":"Carmona","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu1092oa","article-title":"The management of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Cervera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313490433","article-title":"Are there additional options for the treatment of refractory obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome?","volume":"22","author":"Gomez-Puerta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110800","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and organ damage in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Grika","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0331-5","article-title":"Use of new oral anticoagulants in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Arachchillage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(13)70016-1","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: looking for a refocusing","volume":"131","author":"Gris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.12.006","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: from pathogenesis to novel immunomodulatory therapies","volume":"12","author":"Comarmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"J197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.010","article-title":"Pregnancy implications for systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Andreoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841114000080?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841114000080?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T08:07:32Z","timestamp":1760256452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896841114000080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0896841114000080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}