{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:59:18Z","timestamp":1790495958990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T13:16:08Z","timestamp":1390310168000},"page":"73-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The diagnosis and classification of giant cell arteritis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48-49","author":[{"given":"Gideon","family":"Nesher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20227","article-title":"Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over fifty-year period","volume":"51","author":"Salvarani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300308","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica in a Danish county","volume":"30","author":"Boesen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.1.92","article-title":"Does this patient have temporal arteritis?","volume":"287","author":"Smetana","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20083","article-title":"Large-vessel vasculitis","volume":"51","author":"Seo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000119761.27564.c9","article-title":"Risk factors for cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis","volume":"83","author":"Nesher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.16650","article-title":"Biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis: clinical spectrum and predictive factors for positive temporal artery biopsy","volume":"30","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib7","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Negative temporal artery biopsies: eventual diagnoses and features of patients with biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis compared to patients without arteritis","volume":"26","author":"Breuer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a052","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib8","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Effect of biopsy length on the rate of positive temporal artery biopsies","volume":"27","author":"Breuer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080792","article-title":"Rate of discordant findings in bilateral temporal artery biopsy to diagnose giant cell arteritis","volume":"36","author":"Breuer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.12.005","article-title":"Influence of previous corticosteroid therapy on temporal artery biopsy yield in giant cell arteritis","volume":"37","author":"Narvaez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711063371902","article-title":"Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis","volume":"337","author":"Schmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-44","article-title":"The diagnostic value of ultrasonography-derived edema of the temporal artery wall in giant cell arteritis: a second meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Arida","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Muscukoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100353","article-title":"Limited value of temporal artery ultrasonography examinations for diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: analysis of 77 subjects","volume":"37","author":"Maldini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21226","article-title":"Assessment of the cranial involvement pattern of giant cell arteritis with 3T magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"52","author":"Bley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23699","article-title":"Comparison of duplex sonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis","volume":"58","author":"Bley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<311::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant-cell arteritis","volume":"42","author":"Brack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06021.x","article-title":"PET in vasculitis","volume":"1228","author":"Blockmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.23499","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombophilic factors in giant cell arteritis","volume":"31","author":"Espinosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01751.x","article-title":"Analysis of the B cell repertoire against autoantigens in patients with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatic","volume":"127","author":"Schmits","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200413","article-title":"Association of ferritin autoantibodies with giant cell arteritis\/polymyalgia rheumatic","volume":"71","author":"Baerlecken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330810","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis","volume":"33","author":"Hunder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.03.045","article-title":"Validity of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis","volume":"154","author":"Murchison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-5-199809010-00013","article-title":"The use and misuse of classification and diagnostic criteria for complex disease","volume":"129","author":"Hunder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq039a","article-title":"BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of giant cell arteritis","volume":"49","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20171","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis","volume":"50","author":"Nesher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202145","article-title":"Should I send my patient with previous giant cell arteritis for imaging of the thoracic aorta? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Mackie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a049","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib27","first-page":"S30","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: intensity of the initial systemic inflammatory response and the course of the disease","volume":"26","author":"Nesher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22754","article-title":"Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Mahr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes127","article-title":"Role of oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment of giant cell arteritis","volume":"51","author":"Quartuccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912562","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/912562","article-title":"Design of the tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis trial","volume":"2013","author":"Unizony","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: a review of classification, pathophysiology, geoepidemiology and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Borchers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1 Suppl.\u00a075","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib32","first-page":"S84","article-title":"Systemic vasculitis: a critical digest of the recent literature","volume":"31","author":"Talarico","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.10.003","volume":"42","author":"Thurner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-013-8381-z","article-title":"Less travelled roads in clinical immunology and allergy: drug reactions and the environmental influence","volume":"45","author":"Selmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841114000201?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841114000201?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T08:10:17Z","timestamp":1760256617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896841114000201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0896841114000201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The diagnosis and classification of giant cell arteritis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}