{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:31:42Z","timestamp":1781796702372,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]],"date-time":"2018-11-04T00:29:08Z","timestamp":1541291348000},"page":"34-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Taubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8372-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina Luise","family":"Hupa-Breier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Jaeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Manns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13749","article-title":"Functional immune anatomy of the liver-as an allograft","volume":"16","author":"Demetris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant. Offic. J. Am. Soc. Transpl. Am. Soc. Transpl. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132629","article-title":"The liver as a lymphoid organ","volume":"27","author":"Crispe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.002","article-title":"Overlap syndromes: the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) position statement on a controversial issue","volume":"54","author":"Boberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22131","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis\/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome in childhood: a 16-year prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Gregorio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.132","article-title":"IgG4-related hepatobiliary disease: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Culver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.020","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis in Denmark: incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and causes of death. A nationwide registry-based cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Gronbaek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(17)31502-7","article-title":"A population based analysis of prevalence and treatment of autoimmune liver diseases in Germany","volume":"66","author":"Sebode","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23584","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Manns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.030","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"63","author":"European Association for the Study of the","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23536","article-title":"Forkhead box p3+ regulatory T cell underlies male resistance to experimental type 2 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Lapierre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067264","article-title":"Controlled prospective trial of corticosteroid therapy in active chronic hepatitis","volume":"40","author":"Cook","year":"1971","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.1.78","article-title":"Late results of the Royal Free Hospital prospective controlled trial of prednisolone therapy in hepatitis B surface antigen negative chronic active hepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Kirk","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00163","article-title":"Autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis: can epitopes tell us about the etiology of the disease?","volume":"9","author":"Christen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043534","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Webb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib15","article-title":"Animal models of autoimmune hepatitis","author":"Christen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-015-2662-x","article-title":"Human leucocyte antigens and pediatric autoimmune liver disease: diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"175","author":"Junge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27983","article-title":"Prediction of short- and long-term outcome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"62","author":"Kirstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.09.024","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis, HLA and extended haplotypes","volume":"10","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9","article-title":"International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Alvarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.07.006","article-title":"Autoimmune liver disease serology in acute hepatitis E virus infection","author":"Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"S109","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib21","article-title":"Potential viral triggers for pediatric and adult autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"66","author":"Taubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1163","article-title":"Changes in natural killer cells and exhausted memory regulatory T Cells with corticosteroid therapy in acute autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"2","author":"Jeffery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1202","article-title":"Immune alterations in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis persist upon standard immunosuppressive treatment","volume":"2","author":"Renand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1987.tb00361.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin on the surface of isolated hepatocytes is associated with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and liver damage","volume":"7","author":"Vergani","year":"1987","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib25","first-page":"16","article-title":"Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis","volume":"38","author":"Vergani","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26380","article-title":"Genetic predisposition and environmental danger signals initiate chronic autoimmune hepatitis driven by CD4+ T cells","volume":"58","author":"Hardtke-Wolenski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.046","article-title":"Budesonide induces remission more effectively than prednisone in a controlled trial of patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"139","author":"Manns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23924","article-title":"Application of the 2010 American Association for the study of liver diseases criteria of remission to a cohort of Italian patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Muratori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.139","article-title":"Long-term prognostic significance of persisting histological activity despite biochemical remission in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"110","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib30","series-title":"Inequity of Care Provision and Outcome Disparity in Autoimmune Hepatitis in the United Kingdom","author":"Dyson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.09.009","article-title":"Relapse is almost universal after withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication in patients with autoimmune hepatitis in remission","volume":"58","author":"van Gerven","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50266","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action of budesonide in early- and late-stage primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"38","author":"Hempfling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31500-5","article-title":"Budd-Chiari syndrome after treatment with budesonide in a cirrhotic patient with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"11","author":"Mederacke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001019","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of second-line immunosuppressants for autoimmune hepatitis treatment","volume":"30","author":"De Lemos-Bonotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib35","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus as second-line therapy for patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Efe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Offic. Clin. Prac. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib36","first-page":"445","article-title":"Efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine as second-line treatment for patients with autoimmune hepatitis and azathioprine intolerance","volume":"14","author":"Hubener","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Offic. Clin. Prac. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14939","article-title":"Biochemical efficacy of tioguanine in autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective review of practice in The Netherlands","volume":"48","author":"van den Brand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6030","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i33.6030","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis: standard treatment and systematic review of alternative treatments","volume":"23","author":"Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib39","first-page":"278","article-title":"Twenty-Year comparative analysis of patients with autoimmune liver diseases on transplant waitlists","volume":"16","author":"Webb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Offic. Clin. Prac. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib40","first-page":"144","article-title":"Autoimmune liver diseases and recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation: what have we learned so far?","volume":"22","author":"Schreuder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transpl. Int. Offic. J. Eur. Soc. Organ Transpl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89017","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/89017","article-title":"IPEX as a result of mutations in FOXP3","volume":"2007","author":"van der Vliet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1233535","article-title":"The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy or autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1","volume":"29","author":"Lankisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2889","article-title":"Mechanisms of impaired regulation by CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"Buckner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24427","article-title":"Preferential accumulation of T helper cells but not cytotoxic T cells characterizes benign subclinical rejection of human liver allografts","volume":"22","author":"Baumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2011.03.084","article-title":"Decreased circulating CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells during acute rejection in liver transplant patients","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04264.x","article-title":"Enrichment of regulatory T cells in acutely rejected human liver allografts","volume":"12","author":"Taubert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant. Offic. J. Am. Soc. Transpl. Am. Soc. Transpl. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181107","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune hepatitis shows a disproportionate decline of regulatory T cells in the liver and of IL-2 in the blood of patients undergoing therapy","volume":"12","author":"Diestelhorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901216","article-title":"Distinct roles for CCR4 and CXCR3 in the recruitment and positioning of regulatory T cells in the inflamed human liver","volume":"184","author":"Oo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.029","article-title":"FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis are fully functional and not reduced in frequency","volume":"57","author":"Peiseler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.034","article-title":"Intrahepatic regulatory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis are associated with treatment response and depleted with current therapies","volume":"61","author":"Taubert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.12.003","article-title":"T-regs in autoimmune hepatitis-systemic lupus erythematosus\/mixed connective tissue disease overlap syndrome are functionally defective and display a Th1 cytokine profile","volume":"41","author":"Longhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib52","first-page":"682","article-title":"Assessment of intrahepatic regulatory T cells in children with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Behairy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080580","article-title":"FoxP3+ regulatory T cells suppress early stages of granuloma formation but have little impact on sarcoidosis lesions","volume":"174","author":"Taflin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27884","article-title":"In autoimmune hepatitis type 1 or the autoimmune hepatitis-sclerosing cholangitis variant defective regulatory T-cell responsiveness to IL-2 results in low IL-10 production and impaired suppression","volume":"62","author":"Liberal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85935","article-title":"PD-1 marks dysfunctional regulatory T cells in malignant gliomas","volume":"1","author":"Lowther","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.08.013","article-title":"The simultaneous high expression of Valpha24, IFN-gamma and FoxP3 characterizes the liver of children with type I autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"137","author":"Ferreyra Solari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23792","article-title":"A multifaceted imbalance of T cells with regulatory function characterizes type 1 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Ferri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S454","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(18)31151-6","article-title":"Relapse of autoimmune hepatitis is associated with a low intrahepatic ratio of regulatory T cells to cytotoxic T cells prior to immunosuppression withdrawal","volume":"68","author":"Derben","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib59","series-title":"Impact of Immune-modulatory Drugs on Treg","author":"Furukawa","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2785","article-title":"FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system","volume":"10","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90068-Q","article-title":"Cytokine profile of viral and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis","volume":"92","author":"al-Wabel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005506031717","article-title":"Nature and behavior of serum cytokines in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"45","author":"Czaja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28517","article-title":"Human intrahepatic tregs are functional, require IL-2 from effector cells for survival and are susceptible to fas ligand mediated apoptosis","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18818-5","article-title":"Baseline IL-2 and the AIH score can predict the response to standard therapy in paediatric autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"8","author":"Diestelhorst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12956","article-title":"Immunosuppressive drugs affect interferon (IFN)-gamma and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) kinetics in patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"189","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.998271","article-title":"Everolimus treatment for patients with autoimmune hepatitis and poor response to standard therapy and drug alternatives in use","volume":"50","author":"Ytting","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.06.016","article-title":"Use of sirolimus in the treatment of refractory autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"127","author":"Chatrath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/512624","article-title":"Rituximab for the treatment of patients with autoimmune hepatitis who are refractory or intolerant to standard therapy","volume":"27","author":"Burak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. J. Can. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27991","article-title":"Depletion of B cells induces remission of autoimmune hepatitis in mice through reduced antigen presentation and help to T cells","volume":"62","author":"Beland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053331","article-title":"Homing of regulatory T cells to human skin is important for the prevention of alloimmune-mediated pathology in an in vivo cellular therapy model","volume":"7","author":"Issa","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26023","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells in an autoimmune hepatitis murine model restores peripheral tolerance","volume":"57","author":"Lapierre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.2.306","article-title":"Antigen-specific FoxP3-transduced T-cells can control established type 1 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Jaeckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040139","article-title":"In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes","volume":"199","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040180","article-title":"CD25+ CD4+ T cells, expanded with dendritic cells presenting a single autoantigenic peptide, suppress autoimmune diabetes","volume":"199","author":"Tarbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24039","article-title":"Autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells, a potential tool for immune-tolerance reconstitution in type-2 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"53","author":"Longhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344381","article-title":"Isolation of human antigen-specific regulatory T cells with high suppressive function","volume":"44","author":"Noyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1490019","article-title":"IL-2: the first effective immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"192","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.11.014","article-title":"A low interleukin-2 receptor signaling threshold supports the development and homeostasis of T regulatory cells","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108188","article-title":"Interleukin-2 and regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease","volume":"365","author":"Koreth","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70113-X","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin 2 in patients with type 1 diabetes: a phase 1\/2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Hartemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179ra43","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005265","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy restores regulatory T cell homeostasis in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"5","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105143","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculitis","volume":"365","author":"Saadoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207776","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 selectively corrects regulatory T cell defects in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"75","author":"von Spee-Mayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0049","article-title":"Rapamycin\/IL-2 combination therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes augments Tregs yet transiently impairs beta-cell function","volume":"61","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.01.004","article-title":"Interleukin-2 at the crossroads of effector responses, tolerance, and immunotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.08.004","article-title":"Interleukin-2 receptor signaling: at the interface between tolerance and immunity","volume":"33","author":"Malek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109745","article-title":"The structure of interleukin-2 complexed with its alpha receptor","volume":"308","author":"Rickert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122927","article-title":"Selective stimulation of T cell subsets with antibody-cytokine immune complexes","volume":"311","author":"Boyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10975","article-title":"Exploiting a natural conformational switch to engineer an interleukin-2 'superkine","volume":"484","author":"Levin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0070-2","article-title":"A human anti-IL-2 antibody that potentiates regulatory T cells by a structure-based mechanism","volume":"24","author":"Trotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30059","article-title":"Low dose interleukin-2 for refractory autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"68","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12940","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 promotes STAT-5 phosphorylation, Treg survival and CTLA-4-dependent function in autoimmune liver diseases","volume":"188","author":"Jeffery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30061","article-title":"Interleukin 2 promotes hepatic regulatory T cell responses and protects from biliary fibrosis in murine sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"68","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.001","article-title":"Dysfunction of hepatic regulatory T cells in experimental sclerosing cholangitis is related to IL-12 signaling","volume":"66","author":"Schwinge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.01.005","article-title":"Low CD25 on autoreactive Tregs impairs tolerance via low dose IL-2 and antigen delivery","volume":"90","author":"Hotta-Iwamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6711","article-title":"CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"359","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706169","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor therapy","volume":"379","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI82771","article-title":"Alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells generated with a chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"126","author":"MacDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14185","article-title":"Expression of a chimeric antigen receptor specific for donor HLA class I enhances the potency of human regulatory T cells in preventing human skin transplant rejection","volume":"17","author":"Boardman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant. Offic. J. Am. Soc. Transpl. Am. Soc. Transpl. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14175","article-title":"Prevention of allograft rejection by use of regulatory T cells with an MHC-specific chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"17","author":"Noyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant. Offic. J. Am. Soc. Transpl. Am. Soc. Transpl. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16962","article-title":"Expanding antigen-specific regulatory networks to treat autoimmunity","volume":"530","author":"Clemente-Casares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17300","article-title":"Autoimmunity: antigen-specific immunotherapy","volume":"530","author":"Wraith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27639","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis in a murine autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 model is directed against multiple autoantigens","volume":"61","author":"Hardtke-Wolenski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90129-5","article-title":"Demographics of anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"107","author":"Treichel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2395","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Uccelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9057","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i41.9057","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy: regulatory and translational aspects in gastroenterology","volume":"22","author":"Dothel","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.11.008","article-title":"BMSCs-derived miR-223-containing exosomes contribute to liver protection in experimental autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10253","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i36.10253","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cirrhosis: present and future perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Eom","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0972-4","article-title":"Progress in mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for acute liver failure","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7492836","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7492836","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"2017","author":"Arsenijevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Cell Pathol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12029","article-title":"Pilot study of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transfusion in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322","article-title":"Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Hennes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib113","series-title":"Histological Features of Autoimmune Hepatitis: a Critical Appraisal","author":"Gurung","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib114","article-title":"Meta-analysis: diagnostic accuracy of antinuclear antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies and antibodies to a soluble liver antigen\/liver pancreas in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28001","article-title":"B cells expressing CD11b effectively inhibit CD4+ T-cell responses and ameliorate experimental autoimmune hepatitis in mice","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e526","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1900","article-title":"Successful treatment of refractory autoimmune hepatitis with rituximab","volume":"132","author":"D'Agostino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(18)30652-4","article-title":"Rituximab treatment experience in patients with complicated type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Europe and North America","volume":"68","author":"Than","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2007.03.010","article-title":"Elevated serum BAFF levels in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"68","author":"Migita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003194","article-title":"B-Cell Activating Factor Belonging to the Tumor Necrosis Factor Family and Interferon-gamma-Inducible Protein-10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis","volume":"95","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13039","article-title":"B cell activating factor (BAFF) and BAFF receptors: fakes and facts","volume":"190","author":"Ferraccioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4317-9","article-title":"B cell-activating factor (BAFF)-Targeted B cell therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"61","author":"Uzzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.02.002","article-title":"B cell activating factor (BAFF) selects IL-10(-)B cells over IL-10(+)B cells during inflammatory responses","volume":"85","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7964654","article-title":"Serum levels of IL-33 and correlation with IL-4, IL-17a, and hypergammaglobulinemia in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"2018","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.11.010","article-title":"Infliximab as a rescue treatment in difficult-to-treat autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"58","author":"Weiler-Normann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib125","first-page":"34","article-title":"TNF, TNF inducers, and TNFR2 agonists: a new path to type 1 diabetes treatment","author":"Faustman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.50","article-title":"The dichotomous nature of T helper 17 cells","volume":"17","author":"Stockinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/436450","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of IL-17-mediated signaling pathway in autoimmune liver diseases","volume":"2015","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib128","article-title":"Interleukin-17 contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis through inducing hepatic interleukin-6 expression","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-010-0446-0","article-title":"IL-17 contributes to autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. sci. Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao Yixue Yingdewen ban"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26583","article-title":"Dysfunctional CD39(POS) regulatory T cells and aberrant control of T-helper type 17 cells in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"59","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.041","article-title":"Inhibition of interleukin-17 promotes differentiation of CD25(-) cells into stable T regulatory cells in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"142","author":"Longhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4152","article-title":"IL-17 antibodies gain momentum","volume":"12","author":"Tse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301668","article-title":"Secukinumab, a human anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody, for moderate to severe Crohn's disease: unexpected results of a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Hueber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.208","article-title":"Current and emerging therapeutic targets for IBD","volume":"14","author":"Neurath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28359","article-title":"Ustekinumab for patients with primary biliary cholangitis who have an inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"64","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.12","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Dyson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.06.001","article-title":"IL-21 and T Cell differentiation: consider the context","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib138","first-page":"405","article-title":"Tfh and plasma cells are correlated with hypergammaglobulinaemia in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int. Offic. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib139","first-page":"550","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of IL-21 and IL-22 define a cytokine signature profile in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis patients","volume":"15","author":"Thomas-Dupont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2512-y","article-title":"Interleukin-21 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and severity of type I autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"5","author":"Abe","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13844","article-title":"Possible involvement of chemokine C-C receptor 7(-) programmed cell death-1(+) follicular helper T-cell subset in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"33","author":"Kimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27306","article-title":"CXCR5+ CD4+ T follicular helper cells participate in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179074","article-title":"Hyperferritinemia and hypergammaglobulinemia predict the treatment response to standard therapy in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"12","author":"Taubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.002","article-title":"Dysregulated generation of follicular helper T cells in the spleen triggers fatal autoimmune hepatitis in mice","volume":"140","author":"Aoki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.006","article-title":"Anti-IL-21 monoclonal antibody combined with liraglutide effectively reverses established hyperglycemia in mouse models of type 1 diabetes","volume":"84","author":"Ryden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-368027","article-title":"Blocking IL-21 signaling ameliorates xenogeneic GVHD induced by human lymphocytes","volume":"119","author":"Hippen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601687","article-title":"Disruption of pathogenic cellular networks by IL-21 blockade leads to disease amelioration in murine lupus","volume":"198","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.201","article-title":"JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"16","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11868","article-title":"Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells","volume":"496","author":"Kleinewietfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11984","article-title":"Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1","volume":"496","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11959","article-title":"Autoimmunity: rubbing salt in the wound","volume":"496","author":"O'Shea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24628","article-title":"Salt-responsive gut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease","volume":"551","author":"Wilck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24760","article-title":"Microbiota: a high-pressure situation for bacteria","volume":"551","author":"Relman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198757","article-title":"Dysbiosis of oral microbiota and its association with salivary immunological biomarkers in autoimmune liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Abe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib155","first-page":"5153","article-title":"Abnormal intestinal permeability and microbiota in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242674","article-title":"Immunology. Feed your Tregs more fiber","volume":"341","author":"Bollrath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12331","article-title":"Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota","volume":"500","author":"Atarashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.03.003","article-title":"High fiber dietary and sodium butyrate attenuate experimental autoimmune hepatitis through regulation of immune regulatory cells and intestinal barrier","volume":"328","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03482.x","article-title":"Vitamin D3: a helpful immuno-modulator","volume":"134","author":"Di Rosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803217","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IL-2 combine to inhibit T cell production of inflammatory cytokines and promote development of regulatory T cells expressing CTLA-4 and FoxP3","volume":"183","author":"Jeffery","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3267-3","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with severe histological features and poor response to therapy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"59","author":"Efe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032009000100016","article-title":"Nutritional status of patients with biliary atresia and autoimmune hepatitis related to serum levels of vitamins A, D and E","volume":"46","author":"Saron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arquivos Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03532.x","article-title":"Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in the Chinese","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30084","article-title":"Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"35","author":"Vogel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.022","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies variants associated with autoimmune hepatitis type 1","volume":"147","author":"de Boer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032005000400011","article-title":"Chloroquine for the maintenance of remission of autoimmune hepatitis: results of a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Mucenic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.20227","article-title":"A case report of successful treatment with plasma exchange for adult-onset Still's disease with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.20237","article-title":"The diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with adult-onset Still's disease","volume":"25","author":"Efe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2012.01170.x","article-title":"Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (MS): a beneficial association. Possible therapeutic application of embryo-specific pre-implantation factor (PIF*)","volume":"68","author":"Paidas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.07.017","article-title":"PreImplantation Factor (PIF) orchestrates systemic antiinflammatory response by immune cells: effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"207","author":"Barnea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib172","first-page":"184","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Kesar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int. Offic. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.200","article-title":"Immunology in the liver--from homeostasis to disease","volume":"13","author":"Heymann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.07.012","article-title":"JKB-122 is effective, alone or in combination with prednisolone in Con A-induced hepatitis","volume":"812","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.246","article-title":"MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases","volume":"16","author":"Rupaimoole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.08.010","article-title":"Serum microRNA profiles in patients with chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or drug-induced liver injury","volume":"50","author":"Yamaura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136908","article-title":"Circulating microRNA Profiles in Patients with Type-1 Autoimmune Hepatitis","volume":"10","author":"Migita","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7814","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i25.7814","article-title":"miR-122 negatively correlates with liver fibrosis as detected by histology and FibroScan","volume":"21","author":"Halasz","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib179","first-page":"30","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction for solid organ transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Gross","year":"2010","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib180","series-title":"The Impact of Autoimmune Hepatitis and its Treatment on Health Utility","author":"Wong","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204772","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with autoimmune hepatitis: a questionnaire survey","volume":"13","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.035","article-title":"Health-related quality of life, depression, and anxiety in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"60","author":"Schramm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2017.38","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy improves patient and caregiver-reported outcomes in cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Bajaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.064261","article-title":"Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications","volume":"54","author":"Mawdsley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841118306012?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841118306012?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T08:23:31Z","timestamp":1760257411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896841118306012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":184,"alternative-id":["S0896841118306012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune hepatitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}