{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:31:22Z","timestamp":1792647082070,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004243","name":"Prinses Beatrix Spierfonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005039","name":"Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016036","name":"Health~Holland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:39:35Z","timestamp":1591231175000},"page":"102488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["MuSK antibodies, lessons learned from poly- and monoclonality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Dana L.E.","family":"Vergoossen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Augustinus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maartje G.","family":"Huijbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00520","article-title":"IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions","volume":"5","author":"Vidarsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20061","article-title":"Detection and characterization of MuSK antibodies in seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"55","author":"McConville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12758","article-title":"The expanding field of IgG4-mediated neurological autoimmune disorders","volume":"22","author":"Huijbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13561","article-title":"IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases: a niche of antibody-mediated disorders","volume":"1413","author":"Huijbers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00097","article-title":"A New classification system for IgG4 autoantibodies","volume":"9","author":"Koneczny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.7.2895","article-title":"Muscle-specific trk-related receptor with a kringle domain defines a distinct class of receptor tyrosine kinases","volume":"90","author":"Jennings","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90146-9","article-title":"Receptor tyrosine kinase specific for the skeletal muscle lineage: expression in embryonic muscle, at the neuromuscular junction, and after injury","volume":"15","author":"Valenzuela","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.16.4951","article-title":"Association of muscle-specific kinase MuSK with the acetylcholine receptor in mammalian muscle","volume":"16","author":"Fuhrer","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.146.5.1133","article-title":"Distinct domains of Musk mediate its abilities to induce and to associate with postsynaptic specializations","volume":"146","author":"Zhou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.080061997","article-title":"The in vitro and in vivo phophotyrosine map of activated MuSK","volume":"97","author":"Watty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1977710","article-title":"Dok-7 regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by recruiting Crk and Crk-L","volume":"24","author":"Hallock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.1.67","article-title":"The juxtamembrane region of MuSK has a critical role in agrin-mediated signaling","volume":"19","author":"Herbst","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18189","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406905102","article-title":"14-3-3 \u03b3 associates with muscle specific kinase and regulates synaptic gene transcription at vertebrate neuromuscular synapse","volume":"101","author":"Strochlic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.09.019","article-title":"Crystal structure of the agrin-responsive immunoglobulin-like domains 1 and 2 of the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK","volume":"364","author":"Stiegler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81252-0","article-title":"Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex","volume":"85","author":"Glass","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-17-06534.1997","article-title":"Neural Agrin induces ectopic postsynaptic specializations in innervated muscle fibers","volume":"17","author":"Meier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00783-3","article-title":"Regulation of AChR clustering by dishevelled interacting with MuSK and PAK1","volume":"35","author":"Luo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127142","article-title":"The muscle protein Dok-7 is essential for neuromuscular synaptogenesis","volume":"312","author":"Okada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra7","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000113","article-title":"Dok-7 activates the muscle receptor kinase MuSK and shapes synapse formation","volume":"2","author":"Inoue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.10.005","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphatase regulation of MuSK-dependent acetylcholine receptor clustering","volume":"28","author":"Madhavan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.06.007","article-title":"The cytoplasmic adaptor protein Dok7 activates the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK via dimerization","volume":"39","author":"Bergamin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib22","first-page":"522","article-title":"Identification of agrinSN isoform and muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase in sperm","volume":"342","author":"Kumar","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2005.10.020","article-title":"Synapse disassembly and formation of new synapses in postnatal muscle upon conditional inactivation of MuSK","volume":"31","author":"Hesser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02696","article-title":"LDL-receptor-related protein 4 is crucial for formation of the neuromuscular junction","volume":"133","author":"Weatherbee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.006","article-title":"LRP4 serves as a coreceptor of agrin","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7919","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1674-06.2006","article-title":"MuSK expressed in the brain mediates cholinergic responses, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation","volume":"26","author":"Garcia-Osta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib27","first-page":"6184","article-title":"An oncogenic role of Agrin in regulating focal adhesion integrity in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04086.x","article-title":"Identification of developmentally regulated expression of MuSK in astrocytes of the rodent retina","volume":"99","author":"Cheusova","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50457","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208664200","article-title":"MuSK glycosylation restrains MuSK activation and acetylcholine receptor clustering","volume":"277","author":"Watty","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.07.091","article-title":"Crystal structure of the frizzled-like cysteine-rich domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK","volume":"393","author":"Stiegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(02)00814-6","article-title":"Crystal structure of the MuSK tyrosine kinase: insights into receptor autoregulation","volume":"10","author":"Till","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6467","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.11.6467","article-title":"Dimerization of the muscle-specific kinase induces tyrosine phosphorylation of acetylcholine receptors and their aggregation on the surface of myotubes","volume":"273","author":"Hopf","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e547","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000547","article-title":"MuSK myasthenia gravis monoclonal antibodies: valency dictates pathogenicity","volume":"6","author":"Huijbers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127167","article-title":"Characterization of pathogenic monoclonal autoantibodies derived from muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"4","author":"Takata","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0897-768","article-title":"Direct demonstration of MuSK involvement in acetylcholine receptor clustering through identification of agonist ScFv","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2026","article-title":"MuSK controls where motor axons grow and form synapses","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81251-9","article-title":"The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo","volume":"85","author":"Dechiara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.10.002","article-title":"Lrp4 Is a receptor for agrin and forms a complex with MuSK","volume":"135","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40624","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.279307","article-title":"Agrin binds to the N-terminal region of Lrp4 protein and stimulates association between Lrp4 and the first immunoglobulin-like domain in muscle-specific kinase (MuSK)","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.180885.111","article-title":"Structural basis of agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling","volume":"26","author":"Zong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4130-07.2008","article-title":"Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase endocytosis in acetylcholine receptor clustering in response to agrin","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12309","article-title":"Endosomal trafficking of the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK proceeds via clathrin-dependent pathways, Arf 6 and actin","volume":"280","author":"Luiskandl","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38522","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305058200","article-title":"Regulation of MuSK expression by a novel signaling pathway","volume":"278","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200210156","article-title":"A novel pathway for MuSK to induce key genes in neuromuscular synapse formation","volume":"161","author":"Lacazette","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400065","article-title":"Inhibition of synapse assembly in mammalian muscle in vivo by RNA interference","volume":"5","author":"Kong","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws025","article-title":"Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis IgG4 autoantibodies cause severe neuromuscular junction dysfunction in mice","volume":"135","author":"Klooster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-5-7","article-title":"Wnt proteins regulate acetylcholine receptor clustering in muscle cells","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.12.025","article-title":"Wnt signals organize synaptic prepattern and axon guidance through the zebrafish unplugged\/MuSK receptor","volume":"61","author":"Jing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200307164","article-title":"MuSK is required for anchoring acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction","volume":"165","author":"Cartaud","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf0890","article-title":"MuSK is a BMP co-receptor that shapes BMP responses and calcium signaling in muscle cells","volume":"9","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4610-11.2012","article-title":"Biglycan is an extracellular MuSK binding protein important for synapse stability","volume":"32","author":"Amenta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00184-07","article-title":"Analysis of a Shc family adaptor protein, ShcD\/Shc 4, that associates with muscle-specific kinase","volume":"27","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.279745.116","article-title":"Diverging roles for Lrp4 and Wnt signaling in neuromuscular synapse development during evolution","volume":"30","author":"Rem\u00e9dio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.141.6.1365","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune myasthenia: a model of myasthenia gravis in rats and Guinea pigs","volume":"141","author":"Lennon","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/85520","article-title":"Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Hoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13518","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis with antibodies to MuSK: an update","volume":"1412","author":"Evoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Gilhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg223","article-title":"Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"126","author":"Evoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000028144.48023.9B","article-title":"Anti-P110 autoantibodies identify a subtype of \u201cseronegative\u201d Myasthenia Gravis with prominent oculobulbar involvement","volume":"82","author":"Scuderi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20069","article-title":"Clinical comparison of muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody-positive and -negative myasthenic patients","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000228225.23349.5d","article-title":"Anti-MuSK antibodies: correlation with myasthenia gravis severity","volume":"67","author":"Bartoccioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.01.013","article-title":"Clinical fluctuations in MuSK myasthenia gravis are related to antigen-specific IgG4 instead of IgG1","volume":"195","author":"Niks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.12.016","article-title":"Longitudinal epitope mapping in MuSK myasthenia gravis: implications for disease severity","volume":"291","author":"Huijbers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.09.001","article-title":"Antibodies against Wnt receptor of muscle-specific tyrosine kinase in myasthenia gravis","volume":"254","author":"Takamori","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.05.017","article-title":"Major pathogenic effects of anti-MuSK antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"177","author":"Boneva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.01.010","article-title":"Effect of sera from AChR-antibody negative myasthenia gravis patients on AChR and MuSK in cell cultures","volume":"185","author":"Farrugia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000128048.23930.1D","article-title":"Are MuSK antibodies the primary cause of myasthenic symptoms?","volume":"62","author":"Selcen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20341","article-title":"Acetylcholine receptors loss and postsynaptic damage in MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"57","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.08.016","article-title":"MuSK antibody positive myasthenia gravis plasma modifies MURF-1 expression in C2C12 cultures and mouse muscle in vivo","volume":"170","author":"Benveniste","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090040","article-title":"The effect of plasma from muscle-specific tyrosine kinase Myasthenia patients on regenerating endplates","volume":"175","author":"Ter Beek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.04.018","article-title":"Muscle-selective synaptic disassembly and reorganization in MuSK antibody positive MG mice","volume":"230","author":"Punga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.03.016","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis induced in mice by immunization with the recombinant extracellular domain of rat muscle-specific kinase (MuSK)","volume":"175","author":"Jha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21545","article-title":"Induction of myasthenia by immunization against muscle-specific kinase","volume":"116","author":"Shigemoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.10.031","article-title":"Antibodies against muscle-specific kinase impair both presynaptic and postsynaptic functions in a murine model of myasthenia gravis","volume":"180","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.025","article-title":"Passive and active immunization models of MuSK-Ab positive myasthenia: electrophysiological evidence for pre and postsynaptic defects","volume":"234","author":"Viegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib76","first-page":"453","article-title":"Acute severe animal model of anti\u2013muscle-specific kinase Myasthenia","volume":"69","author":"Richman","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.02.012","article-title":"Preferential production of IgG1, IL-4 and IL-10 in MuSK-immunized mice","volume":"151","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110571","article-title":"Altered active zones, vesicle pools, nerve terminal conductivity, and morphology during experimental MuSK Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.04.003","article-title":"MuSK induced experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis does not require IgG1 antibody to MuSK","volume":"295\u2013296","author":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckerden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03037.x","article-title":"Segmental flexibility and complement fixation of genetically engineered chimeric human, rabbit and mouse antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Dangl","year":"1988","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07569.x","article-title":"MuSK levels differ between adult skeletal muscles and influence postsynaptic plasticity","volume":"33","author":"Punga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.12.005","article-title":"Divalent and monovalent autoantibodies cause dysfunction of MuSK by distinct mechanisms in a rabbit model of myasthenia gravis","volume":"244","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080695","article-title":"MuSK myasthenia gravis IgG4 disrupts the interaction of LRP4 with MuSK but both IgG4 and IgG1-3 can disperse preformed agrin-independent AChR clusters","volume":"8","author":"Koneczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584322","article-title":"The immunobiology of immunoglobulin G4","volume":"36","author":"Lighaam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21371","article-title":"Anti-MuSK patient antibodies disrupt the mouse neuromuscular junction","volume":"63","author":"Cole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000129702.41868.A5","article-title":"Is \"seronegative\" MG explained by autoantibodies to MuSK?","volume":"62","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.06.034","article-title":"Muscle specific kinase autoantibodies cause synaptic failure through progressive wastage of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"237","author":"Morsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190298","article-title":"Patient autoantibodies deplete postsynaptic muscle-specific kinase leading to disassembly of the ACh receptor scaffold and myasthenia gravis in mice","volume":"588","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.270207","article-title":"Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies suppress the MuSK pathway and ACh receptor retention at the mouse neuromuscular junction","volume":"592","author":"Ghazanfari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318237f660","article-title":"Anti-MuSK autoantibodies block binding of collagen Q to MuSK","volume":"77","author":"Kawakami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13928","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13928","article-title":"Collagen Q and anti-MuSK autoantibody competitively suppress agrin\/LRP4\/MuSK signaling","volume":"5","author":"Otsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.02.001","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in mice with passively induced MuSK antibody seropositive myasthenia gravis","volume":"399","author":"Sabre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.03.001","article-title":"Efgartigimod improves muscle weakness in a mouse model for muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis","volume":"317","author":"Huijbers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2661","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007600","article-title":"Randomized phase 2 study of FcRn antagonist efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"92","author":"Howard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.251827","article-title":"Pyridostigmine but not 3,4-diaminopyridine exacerbates ACh receptor loss and myasthenia induced in mice by muscle-specific kinase autoantibody","volume":"591","author":"Morsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087840","article-title":"Effects of the \u00df2-adrenoceptor agonist, albuterol, in a mouse model of anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"9","author":"Ghazanfari","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183145.91579.74","article-title":"Nonresponsiveness to anticholinesterase agents in patients with MuSK-antibody-positive MG","volume":"65","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20783","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313944110","article-title":"MuSK IgG4 autoantibodies cause myasthenia gravis by inhibiting binding between MuSK and Lrp4","volume":"110","author":"Huijbers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144603","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of human IgG4 antibodies by dynamic Fab arm exchange","volume":"317","author":"Van Der Neut Kolfschoten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.11.005","article-title":"IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase undergo Fab-arm exchange in myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"77","author":"Koneczny","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3795","article-title":"The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells","volume":"15","author":"Nutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2017.1369960","article-title":"Agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling as a therapeutic target for myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular disorders","volume":"21","author":"Ohno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.08.004","article-title":"Increasing MuSK activity delays denervation and improves motor function in ALS mice","volume":"2","author":"Perez-Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34375","article-title":"Preserving neuromuscular synapses in ALS by stimulating MuSK with a therapeutic agonist antibody","volume":"7","author":"Cantor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.12.002","article-title":"Muscle specific kinase (MuSK) activation preserves neuromuscular junctions in the diaphragm but is not sufficient to provide a functional benefit in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS","volume":"124","author":"Sengupta-Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841120301062?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896841120301062?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T08:25:33Z","timestamp":1760257533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896841120301062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S0896841120301062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"MuSK antibodies, lessons learned from poly- and monoclonality","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102488","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102488"}}