{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:44:49Z","timestamp":1790336689578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010328","name":"Stichting Lijf en Leven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L&L\/mon\/19-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L&L\/mon\/19-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T06:02:07Z","timestamp":1708149727000},"page":"103178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The enigma of sclera-specific autoimmunity in scleritis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne P.C.","family":"Vergouwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan A.","family":"van Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joeri","family":"de Hoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke H.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonoor I.","family":"Los","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Gijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel J.","family":"Erckens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob M.","family":"Verdijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert W.","family":"Haasnoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave L.","family":"Roelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniki","family":"Rothova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"R\u00f6nnelid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josianne C.","family":"Ten Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco W.J.","family":"Schreurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1590\/S0482-50042007000300006","article-title":"Sclera-Specific and non-sclera-specific autoantibodies in the serum of patients with non-infectious anterior scleritis","volume":"47","author":"Aragaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(85)90059-1","article-title":"Immunology of multisystem ocular disease","volume":"30","author":"James","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.004","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis and molecular basis for therapy","volume":"35","author":"Wakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib4","first-page":"153","article-title":"Challenges in immunopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Wakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00212-4","article-title":"Scleral structure, organisation and disease. A review","volume":"78","author":"Watson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90244-F","article-title":"Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited)","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.04.006","article-title":"Autoimmune disease: Conceptual history and contributions of ocular immunology","volume":"61","author":"Margo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13652","article-title":"Autoimmunity in uveitis","volume":"96","author":"ten Berge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.685312","article-title":"Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis - Laboratory and clinical perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Ronnelid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2018-205360","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of scleritis Review","volume":"72","author":"Hankins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00252-4","article-title":"Rituximab for non-infectious uveitis and scleritis","volume":"11","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib12","series-title":"Biologic Therapies and Small Molecules for the Management of Non-infectious Scleritis: A Narrative Review","author":"Sota","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib13","first-page":"e861","article-title":"Efficacy and maintenance of rituximab treatment in non-infectious scleritis","volume":"100","author":"Vergouwen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib14","first-page":"858","article-title":"Long-term ocular analysis in murine model of anterior scleritis","volume":"56","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010341","article-title":"Immunopathological analysis of a mouse model of arthritis-associated scleritis and implications for molecular targeted therapy for severe scleritis","volume":"23","author":"Nishio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030297","article-title":"A proposed classification of the immunological diseases","volume":"3","author":"McGonagle","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.115","article-title":"Synovial tissue research: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"13","author":"Orr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078","article-title":"Current insights in the pathogenesis of scleritis","author":"Vergouwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370707","article-title":"Local anti-type II collagen antibody production in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. Evidence for an HLA-DR4-restricted IgG response","volume":"37","author":"Ronnelid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-009-0816-8","article-title":"Pathogenic antibody recognition of cartilage","volume":"339","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-008-0080-x","article-title":"The role of collagen antibodies in mediating arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Rowley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S142892","article-title":"Refractory relapsing polychondritis: challenges and solutions","volume":"10","author":"Lekpa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306902","article-title":"Scleritis associated with relapsing polychondritis","volume":"100","author":"Sainz-De-La-Maza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib24","series-title":"Uveitis Screening: Nederlands Oogheelkundig Gezelschap","first-page":"36","author":"Gezelschap","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.064782","volume":"66","author":"Mullazehi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12939","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical impact of antiretinal antibodies in uveitis","volume":"94","author":"Ten Berge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100407","article-title":"Potential biomarkers for noninfectious scleritis identified by serum and tear fluid proteomics","volume":"4","author":"Vergouwen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201300334","article-title":"Antibody-based proteomics and biomarker research - current status and limitations","volume":"14","author":"Solier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24858","article-title":"Anti-LGI1 encephalitis is strongly associated with HLA-DR7 and HLA-DRB4","volume":"81","author":"van Sonderen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000101931","article-title":"Posterior scleritis and its association with HLA B27 haplotype","volume":"221","author":"Anshu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib31","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Ocular inflammation in autoimmune MRL\/Mp mice","volume":"26","author":"Jabs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003709","article-title":"Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution","volume":"3","author":"Seko","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210873","article-title":"Anticollagen type II antibodies are associated with an acute onset rheumatoid arthritis phenotype and prognosticate lower degree of inflammation during 5 years follow-up","volume":"76","author":"Manivel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201600229","article-title":"The proteome of normal human retrobulbar optic nerve and sclera","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2018.0185","article-title":"Proteomics and visual health research: proteome of the human sclera using high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"23","author":"Mohanty","year":"2019","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.3.27","article-title":"Scleral proteome in noninfectious scleritis unravels upregulation of filaggrin-2 and signs of neovascularization","volume":"64","author":"Vergouwen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8935-5_26","article-title":"An introduction to performing immunofluorescence staining","volume":"1897","author":"Im","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214436","article-title":"Clinical relevance of HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescent patterns: the International Consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP) perspective","volume":"78","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10454","article-title":"Peripheral nerve fascicles: anatomy and clinical relevance","volume":"28","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"van den Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.953726","article-title":"Autoantibodies - enemies, and\/or potential allies?","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33822-8","article-title":"Necrotizing scleritis. A clinico-pathologic study of 41 cases","volume":"92","author":"Rao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00719-8","article-title":"A clinicopathologic study of 55 cases","volume":"106","author":"Riono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.126425","article-title":"Immunopathology of necrotising scleritis","volume":"92","author":"Usui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2005.00548.x","article-title":"HLA and eye disease: a synopsis","volume":"32","author":"Goverdhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.03.033","article-title":"Genetic implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis; an updated review","volume":"702","author":"Karami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew233","article-title":"Genotyping of relapsing polychondritis identified novel susceptibility HLA alleles and distinct genetic characteristics from other rheumatic diseases","volume":"55","author":"Terao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207601","article-title":"Genetic variants in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Rahmattulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.06.017","article-title":"HLA-B27 and antigen presentation: at the crossroads between immune defense and autoimmunity","volume":"57","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21600","article-title":"Collagen analysis with mass spectrometry","volume":"39","author":"van Huizen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.365","article-title":"Cryosectioning and immunolabeling","volume":"2","author":"Slot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib52","article-title":"Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: biological effects and mechanisms of immunopathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054296","article-title":"Characteristics of the (Auto)Reactive T cells in rheumatoid arthritis according to the immune epitope database","volume":"24","author":"Carle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.3.163","article-title":"Scleritis and episcleritis","volume":"60","author":"Watson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000090010","article-title":"Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in surgically induced necrotizing scleritis","volume":"38","author":"Seo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089684112400012X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089684112400012X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:19:09Z","timestamp":1777580349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S089684112400012X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S089684112400012X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The enigma of sclera-specific autoimmunity in scleritis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103178","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103178"}}