{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T07:45:15Z","timestamp":1787816715711,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0907700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T12:24:41Z","timestamp":1741091081000},"page":"103395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Peripheral immune profiling highlights a dynamic role of low-density granulocytes in myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Shu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nairong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinmei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianying","family":"Duo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongshan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Gilhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib2","first-page":"154","article-title":"History of myasthenia gravis revisited","volume":"58","author":"Deymeer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16229","article-title":"Generalized myasthenia gravis with acetylcholine receptor antibodies: a guidance for treatment","author":"Gilhus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00173-3","article-title":"Targeted molecular therapy for myasthenia gravis","volume":"20","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2023.2184257","article-title":"Biological therapies for myasthenia gravis","volume":"23","author":"Uzawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00357-4","article-title":"Advances in the understanding of disease mechanisms of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders","volume":"21","author":"Huijbers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1083218","article-title":"Single-cell mass cytometry on peripheral cells in Myasthenia Gravis identifies dysregulation of innate immune cells","volume":"14","author":"Verdier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22103","article-title":"The thymus in myasthenia gravis: site of \"innate autoimmunity\"?","volume":"44","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2016.25.1.40","article-title":"Blood transcriptome profiling in myasthenia gravis patients to assess disease activity: a pilot RNA-seq study","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00314-w","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-Seq reveals transcriptional heterogeneity and immune subtypes associated with disease activity in human myasthenia gravis","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04421-y","article-title":"Peripheral immune landscape for hypercytokinemia in myasthenic crisis utilizing single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"21","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.136471","article-title":"Single-cell repertoire tracing identifies rituximab-resistant B cells during myasthenia gravis relapses","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091091","article-title":"The enigma of low-density granulocytes in humans: complexities in the characterization and function of LDGs during disease","volume":"10","author":"Seman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.649693","article-title":"Neutrophils in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: same foe different M.O","volume":"12","author":"Fresneda Alarcon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16138","article-title":"Dynamic changes of peripheral inflammatory markers link with disease severity and predict short-term poor outcome of myasthenia gravis","volume":"168","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.10.017","article-title":"Correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and severity of myasthenia gravis in adults: a retrospective study","volume":"106","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103477","article-title":"Expression characteristics of interferon-stimulated genes and possible regulatory mechanisms in lupus patients using transcriptomics analyses","volume":"70","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102800","article-title":"The role of innate immunity in myasthenia gravis","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13546","article-title":"Roles of cytokines and T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis","volume":"203","author":"Uzawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.06.003","article-title":"Toll-like receptor regulation of effector T lymphocyte function","volume":"34","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00296-9","article-title":"Dysregulated hematopoiesis in bone marrow marks severe COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1021612","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cell: a crucial player in autoimmune diseases","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aae0482","article-title":"Arginase-1-dependent promotion of TH17 differentiation and disease progression by MDSCs in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000945","article-title":"Immune skew of circulating follicular helper T cells associates with myasthenia gravis severity","volume":"8","author":"Ashida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib26","first-page":"68","article-title":"Central role of T follicular helper cells in myasthenia gravis","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.06.285","article-title":"TWEAK promotes the production of Interleukin-17 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136818","article-title":"Regulation of immune functions by non-neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) via muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors","volume":"22","author":"Mashimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41395","article-title":"Low-density neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"72","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100450","article-title":"Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"187","author":"Villanueva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214620","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes activate T cells and demonstrate a non-suppressive role in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"78","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5A0116-022R","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes: functionally distinct, immature neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis with altered properties and defective TNF signalling","volume":"101","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.22-69","article-title":"Increased expression of ELOVL7 contributes to production of inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cell-derived M1-like macrophages","volume":"72","author":"Inoue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02703.x","article-title":"T helper type 17 cells expand in patients with myasthenia-associated thymoma","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22070","article-title":"Increased serum interleukin-17 levels in patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"44","author":"Roche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.10.040","article-title":"Clinical implications of the type 1\/type 2 balance of helper T cells and P-glycoprotein function in peripheral T lymphocytes of myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"627","author":"Masuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500725","article-title":"Augmentation of circulating follicular helper T cells and their impact on autoreactive B cells in myasthenia gravis","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.03.003","article-title":"CD4 FoxP3 T regulatory cell subsets in myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"179","author":"Kohler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.09.012","article-title":"Impaired regulatory function in circulating CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(low\/-) T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"145","author":"Thiruppathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.03.008","article-title":"Regulatory function of CD4+CD25++ T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis is associated with phenotypic changes and STAT5 signaling: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the suppressor activity","volume":"281","author":"Alahgholi-Hajibehzad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003099","article-title":"Plasticity of human regulatory T cells in healthy subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"186","author":"McClymont","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0114-056RR","article-title":"TLR4 regulates IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17 production by both thymic and induced Foxp3+ Tregs during intestinal inflammation","volume":"96","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201541905","article-title":"AKT isoforms modulate Th1-like Treg generation and function in human autoimmune disease","volume":"17","author":"Kitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd8995","article-title":"scRNA-seq of human vitiligo reveals complex networks of subclinical immune activation and a role for CCR5 in T(reg) function","volume":"13","author":"Gellatly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502276","article-title":"Production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes in liver-transplanted recipients with de novo autoimmune hepatitis is enhanced and induces TH1-like regulatory T cells","volume":"196","author":"Arterbery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.015","article-title":"Both Treg cells and Tconv cells are defective in the Myasthenia gravis thymus: roles of IL-17 and TNF-\u03b1","volume":"52","author":"Gradolatto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.05.001","article-title":"Myasthenia Gravis: paradox versus paradigm in autoimmunity","volume":"52","author":"Berrih-Aknin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.146","article-title":"Epigenetic control of CD8(+) T cell differentiation","volume":"18","author":"Henning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32103","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of effector CD8+ T cells derived from central memory cells establishes persistent T cell memory in primates","volume":"118","author":"Berger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702","article-title":"Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance","volume":"22","author":"Sallusto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021553","article-title":"Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood","volume":"197","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00290","article-title":"Interferons in sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: genes, mechanisms, and effects","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep345","article-title":"Type I interferons have no major influence on humoral autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Cantaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1777","article-title":"A type I interferon transcriptional signature precedes autoimmunity in children genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5941","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.5941","article-title":"Effects of cytokines on acetylcholine receptor expression: implications for myasthenia gravis","volume":"174","author":"Po\u00eba-Guyon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23791","article-title":"Implication of double-stranded RNA signaling in the etiology of autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"73","author":"Cufi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102800","article-title":"The role of innate immunity in myasthenia gravis","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8751-9","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis and infectious disease","volume":"265","author":"Gilhus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071218","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: an acquired interferonopathy?","volume":"11","author":"Payet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2527","article-title":"Antiviral immune responses: triggers of or triggered by autoimmunity?","volume":"9","author":"Munz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1622160","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"2022","author":"Ning","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13161","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes in systemic autoimmunity and autoinflammation","volume":"314","author":"Carmona-Rivera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl 121","key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib63","first-page":"74","article-title":"The role of low density granulocytes and NETosis in the pathogenesis of adult-onset Still's Disease","volume":"37","author":"Torres-Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3709749","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in psoriasis","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.5606\/tgkdc.dergisi.2023.24588","article-title":"The change of systemic inflammation response index in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thymectomy: a retrospective, follow-up study","volume":"31","author":"Ulug\u00fcn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-013-0375-7","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes: a distinct class of neutrophils in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"Carmona-Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5HR0120-459R","article-title":"On the origin of low-density neutrophils","volume":"107","author":"Hassani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.11.005","article-title":"A shift towards an immature myeloid profile in peripheral blood of critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"52","author":"Vadillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.020","article-title":"Bone marrow hematopoiesis drives multiple sclerosis progression","volume":"185","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103910","article-title":"Increased inflammatory low-density neutrophils in severe obesity and effect of bariatric surgery: results from case-control and prospective cohort studies","volume":"77","author":"Sanchez-Pino","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1759592","article-title":"The correlation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with the presence and short-time curative effect of myasthenia gravis in children: a retrospectively study","volume":"131","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76099","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18546","article-title":"The correlation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with the presence and activity of myasthenia gravis","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib73","article-title":"Increased frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in myasthenia gravis after immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.7.3775","article-title":"Mice with IFN-gamma receptor deficiency are less susceptible to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3085","article-title":"Phosphorylation of FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell function and is inhibited by TNF-\u03b1 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Nie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28172-4","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and their histones promote Th17 cell differentiation directly via TLR2","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13756-4","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated RNA and LL37 enable self-amplifying inflammation in psoriasis","volume":"11","author":"Herster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646542","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate Th1\u2010mediated autoimmune responses in rheumatoid arthritis by promoting DC maturation","volume":"46","author":"Papadaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.52","article-title":"The role of extracellular histone in organ injury","volume":"8","author":"Silk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aao4747","article-title":"I. Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program, Neutrophil cytoplasts induce T(H)17 differentiation and skew inflammation toward neutrophilia in severe asthma","volume":"3","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107602","article-title":"Histones, DNA, and citrullination promote neutrophil extracellular trap inflammation by regulating the localization and activation of TLR4","volume":"31","author":"Tsourouktsoglou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib82","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Neutropenia resulting from high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in dermatological patients","volume":"18","author":"Stoevesandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200311000-00009","article-title":"Neutropenia as a complication of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in adult patients with neuroimmunologic disorders","volume":"26","author":"Matsuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14671","article-title":"Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin administration on erythrocyte and leucocyte parameters","volume":"32","author":"Cicha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-021568","article-title":"Immunologic and functional evidence for anti-Siglec-9 autoantibodies in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations","volume":"108","author":"von Gunten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124090","article-title":"How glucocorticoids affect the neutrophil life","volume":"19","author":"Ronchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.5","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor promotes the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by suppressing HIF1\u03b1-dependent glycolysis","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13703","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15928","article-title":"Methylprednisolone alleviates multiple sclerosis by expanding myeloid-derived suppressor cells via glucocorticoid receptor \u03b2 and S100A8\/9 up-regulation","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-10-674531","article-title":"High-dose dexamethasone corrects impaired myeloid-derived suppressor cell function via Ets1 in immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"127","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01669-w","article-title":"FK506 impairs neutrophil migration that results in increased polymicrobial sepsis susceptibility","volume":"72","author":"Borges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12042","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional alterations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells during the disease course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Iacobaeus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.10.019","article-title":"Delayed processing of blood increases the frequency of activated CD11b+ CD15+ granulocytes which inhibit T cell function","volume":"341","author":"McKenna","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autoimmunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089684112500040X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089684112500040X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T01:39:57Z","timestamp":1744249197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S089684112500040X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S089684112500040X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Peripheral immune profiling highlights a dynamic role of low-density granulocytes in myasthenia gravis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Autoimmunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103395"}}