{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:58:58Z","timestamp":1792025938783,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jbc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biological Chemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T10:24:11Z","timestamp":1629541451000},"page":"101112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["S-acylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Mechanistic dissection, in\u00a0vitro reconstitution and role in viral infectivity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Robbins","family":"Puthenveetil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng Man","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Elliot","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2640-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam B.","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Vilmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7463-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric T.","family":"Christenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric O.","family":"Freed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1494-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirban","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004457","article-title":"Emergence of MERS-CoV in the Middle East: Origins, transmission, treatment, and perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Sharif-Yakan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2004.07.009","article-title":"The chronology of the 2002-2003 SARS mini pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Cherry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib5","article-title":"COVID research: A year of scientific milestones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09944-5","article-title":"The natural history, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"15","author":"Machhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.04.022","article-title":"A\u00a0multibasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection of human lung cells","volume":"78","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80671-0","article-title":"Differential maturation and subcellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus surface proteins S, M and E","volume":"86","author":"Nal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.3.1215","article-title":"Sorting of progeny coronavirus from condensed secretory proteins at the exit from the trans-Golgi network of AtT20 cells","volume":"105","author":"Tooze","year":"1987","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.05.031","article-title":"Palmitoylation of SARS-CoV S protein is necessary for partitioning into detergent-resistant membranes and cell-cell fusion but not interaction with M protein","volume":"405","author":"McBride","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.10.034","article-title":"Palmitoylation of the cysteine-rich endodomain of the SARS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein is important for spike-mediated cell fusion","volume":"360","author":"Petit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32725","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.043547","article-title":"Role of spike protein endodomains in regulating coronavirus entry","volume":"284","author":"Shulla","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9532-5_16","article-title":"SwissPalm\u00a02: Protein S-palmitoylation database","volume":"2009","author":"Blanc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.05.023","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of DHHC protein acyltransferases","volume":"432","author":"Stix","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2084","article-title":"Palmitoylation: Policing protein stability and traffic","volume":"8","author":"Linder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00750","article-title":"Protein lipidation: Occurrence, mechanisms, biological functions, and enabling technologies","volume":"118","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(79)90321-0","article-title":"Fatty acid binding to vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein: A new type of post-translational modification of the viral glycoprotein","volume":"17","author":"Schmidt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866526666190603082521","article-title":"Differential S-acylation of enveloped viruses","volume":"26","author":"Kordyukova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2020.1696306","article-title":"Toward the identification of ZDHHC enzymes required for palmitoylation of viral protein as potential drug targets","volume":"15","author":"Gadalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8995","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SC01785B","article-title":"Acylation-coupled lipophilic induction of polarisation (Acyl-cLIP): A universal assay for lipid transferase and hydrolase enzymes","volume":"10","author":"Lanyon-Hogg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20190707","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of protein S-acylation for the treatment of disease","volume":"48","author":"Fraser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1293","article-title":"Large-scale profiling of protein palmitoylation in mammalian cells","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D002790","article-title":"Rapid and selective detection of fatty acylated proteins using omega-alkynyl-fatty acids and click chemistry","volume":"51","author":"Yap","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.005","article-title":"Identification of PSD-95 palmitoylating enzymes","volume":"44","author":"Fukata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.173","article-title":"Screening and large-scale expression of membrane proteins in mammalian cells for structural studies","volume":"9","author":"Goehring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2018.1488804","article-title":"The molecular era of protein S-acylation: Spotlight on structure, mechanisms, and dynamics","volume":"53","author":"Zaballa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6574","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.18.6574-6584.2003","article-title":"Palmitoylation and plasma membrane localization of Ras2p by a nonclassical trafficking pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"23","author":"Dong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6326","article-title":"Fatty acyl recognition and transfer by an integral membrane S-acyltransferase","volume":"359","author":"Rana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29259","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.691147","article-title":"The cysteine-rich domain of the DHHC3 palmitoyltransferase is palmitoylated and contains tightly bound zinc","volume":"290","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20190752","article-title":"Hemagglutinin of Influenza A, but not of Influenza B and C viruses is acylated by ZDHHC2, 8, 15 and 20","volume":"477","author":"Gadalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009554","article-title":"Palmitoylation of the envelope membrane proteins GP5 and M of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is essential for virus growth","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010031","article-title":"Palmitoylation of the bovine foamy virus envelope glycoprotein is required for viral replication","volume":"13","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib33","article-title":"S-acylation controls SARS-Cov-2 membrane lipid organization and enhances infectivity","author":"Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7236","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.337246","article-title":"DHHC protein S-acyltransferases use similar ping-pong kinetic mechanisms but display different acyl-CoA specificities","volume":"287","author":"Jennings","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00947-17","article-title":"Palmitoylation contributes to membrane curvature in influenza A virus assembly and hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion","volume":"91","author":"Chlanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1800","article-title":"HIV gp41-mediated membrane fusion occurs at edges of cholesterol-rich lipid domains","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-00548-4","article-title":"Ebola virus glycoprotein interacts with cholesterol to enhance membrane fusion and cell entry","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65962.sa2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 requires cholesterol for viral entry and pathological syncytia formation","author":"Sanders","year":"2021","journal-title":"ELife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1318","article-title":"Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases","volume":"6","author":"Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.4.1506","article-title":"Protein N-myristoylation in Escherichia coli: Reconstitution of a eukaryotic protein modification in bacteria","volume":"87","author":"Duronio","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112_bib41","article-title":"Optimized incorporation of alkynyl fatty acid analogs for the detection of fatty acylated proteins using click chemistry","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biological Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021925821009157?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021925821009157?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:05:19Z","timestamp":1758240319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021925821009157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021925821009157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"S-acylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Mechanistic dissection, in\u00a0vitro reconstitution and role in viral infectivity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101112"}}