{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T11:56:01Z","timestamp":1792324561796,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI151152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI151152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15GM131292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15GM131292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jbc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biological Chemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T12:50:30Z","timestamp":1751633430000},"page":"110458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Repurposing clofazimine as an antibiotic to treat cholera: Identification of cellular and structural targets"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9689-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00edn Andr\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Montalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Tuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar X.","family":"Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11050449","article-title":"The impact of climate change on cholera: a review on the global status and future challenges","volume":"11","author":"Christaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832","article-title":"Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.939","article-title":"Emergence of multiply antibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh","volume":"142","author":"Glass","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90344-5","article-title":"Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire","volume":"345","author":"Siddique","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.102","article-title":"Clinical and socio-environmental determinants of multidrug-resistant vibrio cholerae 01 in older children and adults in Bangladesh","volume":"105","author":"Garbern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4432-2","article-title":"Changing epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae: AMR surveillance findings (2006\u20132016) from Nepal","volume":"19","author":"Rijal","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142989","article-title":"Comparative characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 from five Sub-Saharan African countries using various phenotypic and genotypic techniques","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0844-9","article-title":"Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 from clinical and environmental samples in Kathmandu city","volume":"15","author":"Thapa Shrestha","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6226","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900141116","article-title":"Genomic plasticity associated with antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"116","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib10","series-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","first-page":"145","article-title":"The cholera outbreak in Haiti: where and how did it begin?","author":"Lantagne","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000711","article-title":"Mapping climate change\u2019s impact on cholera infection risk in Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Kruger","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-014-1604-5","article-title":"Influence of climate factors on Vibrio cholerae dynamics in the Pearl River estuary, South China","volume":"30","author":"Yue","year":"2014","journal-title":"World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.07.017","article-title":"Influence of temperature and rainfall on the evolution of cholera epidemics in Lusaka, Zambia, 2003\u20132006: analysis of a time series","volume":"103","author":"Luque Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[350:CSAHFA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Climatic, socio-economic, and health factors affecting human vulnerability to cholera in the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa","volume":"36","author":"Olago","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2007.10.031","article-title":"Pyrimido[1,2-a]quinoxaline 6-oxide and phenazine 5,10-dioxide derivatives and related compounds as growth inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"43","author":"Lavaggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.11.026","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation, and metabolic stability of phenazine derivatives as antibacterial agents","volume":"143","author":"Krishnaiah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib17","first-page":"725","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of phenothiazines","volume":"18","author":"Amaral","year":"2004","journal-title":"In. Vivo."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(12)70726-0","article-title":"Chemical structure of phenothiazines and their biological activity","volume":"64","author":"Jaszczyszyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharma. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11213","article-title":"Selective inhibition of Alzheimer disease-like tau aggregation by phenothiazines","volume":"93","author":"Wischik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13164","article-title":"Conjugates of \u03b3-Carbolines and Phenothiazine as new selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase and blockers of NMDA receptors for Alzheimer Disease","volume":"5","author":"Makhaeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2016.1208562","article-title":"An update on repurposed medications for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Mafukidze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.023","article-title":"Clofazimine: a useful antibiotic for drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"105","author":"Mirnejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2012.03.017","article-title":"Insights into the mechanism of electron transfer and sodium translocation of the Na+-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase","volume":"1817","author":"Juarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102182","article-title":"Identification of the riboflavin cofactor-binding site in the Vibrio cholerae ion-pumping NQR complex: a novel structural motif in redox enzymes","volume":"298","author":"Tuz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.140889","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant IncA\/C plasmid in Vibrio cholerae from Haiti","volume":"20","author":"Folster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2004.04.012","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial drugs","volume":"18","author":"Levison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib27","first-page":"828","article-title":"Antimicrobial potentiality of a phenothiazine group of antipsychotic drug-prochlorperazine","volume":"40","author":"Mazumder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.3.405-408.1985","article-title":"New medium for the production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor","volume":"22","author":"Iwanaga","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.4.788","article-title":"Interaction of Vibrio cholerae cells with beta-lactam antibiotics: emergence of resistant cells at a high frequency","volume":"36","author":"Sengupta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416951112","article-title":"Clofazimine shortens the duration of the first-line treatment regimen for experimental chemotherapy of tuberculosis","volume":"112","author":"Tyagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00260-15","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clofazimine in a mouse model of tuberculosis","volume":"59","author":"Swanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11945","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711697105","article-title":"The protonmotive force is required for maintaining ATP homeostasis and viability of hypoxic, nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"105","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10276","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.200501","article-title":"Reduction of clofazimine by mycobacterial type 2 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase: a pathway for the generation of bactericidal levels of reactive oxygen species","volume":"286","author":"Yano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2014.03.017","article-title":"Characterization of the type 2 NADH:menaquinone oxidoreductases from Staphylococcus aureus and the bactericidal action of phenothiazines","volume":"1837","author":"Schurig-Briccio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Bioenerg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00761-17","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of Vibrio cholerae impaired in respiratory NADH oxidation is accompanied by increased copper sensitivity","volume":"200","author":"Toulouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14003","article-title":"Structure of the V. cholerae Na + -pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase","volume":"516","author":"Steuber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2015-0128","article-title":"The structure of Na+-translocating of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase of Vibrio cholerae: implications on coupling between electron transfer and Na+ transport","volume":"396","author":"Steuber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.12.020","article-title":"Sodium-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase as a redox-driven ion pump","volume":"1797","author":"Verkhovsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4272","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.9b00752","article-title":"Revealing the membrane-bound catalytic oxidation of NADH by the drug target type-II NADH dehydrogenase","volume":"58","author":"Godoy-Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16246","DOI":"10.1021\/bi991664s","article-title":"Sequencing and preliminary characterization of the Na+-translocating NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from Vibrio harveyi","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01130-3","article-title":"Purification of the 45 kDa, membrane bound NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli (NDH-2) and analysis of its interaction with ubiquinone analogues","volume":"467","author":"Bj\u00f6rkl\u00f6f","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097083","article-title":"Roles of the sodium-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) on Vibrio cholerae metabolism, motility and osmotic stress resistance","volume":"9","author":"Minato","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20009","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.658773","article-title":"The kinetic reaction mechanism of the Vibrio cholerae sodium-dependent NADH dehydrogenase","volume":"290","author":"Tuz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15664","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.003194","article-title":"Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa NQR complex, a bacterial proton pump with roles in autopoisoning resistance","volume":"293","author":"Raba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.770982","article-title":"Identification of the catalytic ubiquinone-binding site of Vibrio cholerae sodium-dependent NADH dehydrogenase: a novel ubiquinone-binding motif","volume":"292","author":"Tuz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31718-1","article-title":"Cryo-EM structures of Na+-pumping NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase from Vibrio cholerae","volume":"13","author":"Kishikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-023-01099-0","article-title":"Conformational coupling of redox-driven Na+-translocation in Vibrio cholerae NADH:quinone oxidoreductase","volume":"30","author":"Hau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib48","first-page":"75","article-title":"Triflupromazine: a microbicide non-antibiotic compound","volume":"51","author":"Dastidar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00324-7","article-title":"Trifluoperazine: a broad spectrum bactericide especially active on staphylococci and vibrios","volume":"18","author":"Mazumder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.03021.x","article-title":"Thioridazine: resurrection as an antimicrobial agent?","volume":"64","author":"Thanacoody","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib51","first-page":"45","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of some phenothiazine compounds and R-factor elimination by chlorpromazine","volume":"23","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta. Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib52","first-page":"409","article-title":"Phenothiazines, bacterial efflux pumps and targeting the macrophage for enhanced killing of intracellular XDRTB","volume":"24","author":"Amaral","year":"2010","journal-title":"In. Vivo."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.02.157","article-title":"A new phenothiazine structural scaffold as inhibitors of bacterial quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi","volume":"382","author":"Ni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib54","first-page":"751","article-title":"Non-antibiotics reverse resistance of bacteria to antibiotics","volume":"24","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"In. Vivo."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.719-726.2003","article-title":"Phenothiazines and thioxanthenes inhibit multidrug efflux pump activity in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"47","author":"Kaatz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.10.025","article-title":"Potential role of non-antibiotics (helper compounds) in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: mechanisms for their direct and indirect activities","volume":"31","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040520","article-title":"Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps at the frontline of antimicrobial resistance: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.92.4.427","article-title":"Benefits of high dose clofazimine","volume":"92","author":"Butlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leprosy Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100488","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1100488","article-title":"Clofazimine for the treatment of tuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"Stadler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005373","article-title":"A high-throughput phenotypic screen identifies clofazimine as a potential treatment for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"11","author":"Love","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0144","article-title":"Systematic review of clofazimine for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Gopal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00321","article-title":"Widening the therapeutic perspectives of clofazimine by its loading in sulfobutylether \u03b2-cyclodextrin nanocarriers: nanomolar IC50 values against MDR S. Epidermidis","volume":"15","author":"Wankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharma."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa310","article-title":"Clofazimine pharmacokinetics in patients with TB: dosing implications","volume":"75","author":"Abdelwahab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib62","first-page":"2703","article-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy, 39th edition: the anatomical basis of clinical practice","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr444","article-title":"Clofazimine: current status and future prospects","volume":"67","author":"Cholo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160304150522","article-title":"Current advances in developing inhibitors of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps","volume":"23","author":"Mahmood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08733-w","article-title":"Phenazine production promotes antibiotic tolerance and metabolic heterogeneity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"10","author":"Schiessl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib66","first-page":"17","article-title":"Drug-receptor interaction on plasmid elimination by phenothiazines and imipramine in Escherichia coli","volume":"29","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta. Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096696","article-title":"Origin and evolution of the sodium -pumping NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase","volume":"9","author":"Reyes-Prieto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00395-15","article-title":"Mode of action of clofazimine and combination therapy with benzothiazinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"59","author":"Lechartier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(84)90317-7","article-title":"Sodium bioenergetics","volume":"9","author":"Skulachev","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trends. Biochemical. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(00)00286-3","article-title":"Role of sodium bioenergetics in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"1505","author":"H\u00e4se","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.6.1927-1930.1999","article-title":"The polar flagellar motor of Vibrio cholerae is driven by an Na+ motive force","volume":"181","author":"Kojima","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.3.353-370.2001","article-title":"Sodium ion cycle in bacterial pathogens: evidence from cross-genome comparisons","volume":"65","author":"H\u00e4se","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2015.12.010","article-title":"Role of the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase in voltage generation and Na+ extrusion in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"1857","author":"Vorburger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Bioenerg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2013.12.002","article-title":"Inhibition of the sodium-translocating NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase [Na+-NQR] decreases cholera toxin production in Vibrio cholerae O1 at the late exponential growth phase","volume":"66","author":"Minato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02857.x","article-title":"Identification of novel factors involved in colonization and acid tolerance of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"43","author":"Merrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux032","article-title":"Na+-NQR (Na+-translocating NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) as a novel target for antibiotics","volume":"41","author":"Dibrov","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19324","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02707","article-title":"Role of subunit D in ubiquinone-binding site of Vibrio cholerae NQR: pocket flexibility and inhibitor resistance","volume":"4","author":"Raba","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231965","article-title":"The aerobic respiratory chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultured in artificial urine media: role of NQR and terminal oxidases","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9516","DOI":"10.1021\/bi900845y","article-title":"Acid residues in the transmembrane helices of the Na+-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from Vibrio cholerae involved in sodium translocation","volume":"48","author":"Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007352","article-title":"Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins","volume":"4","author":"Olivier","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib81","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image processing with ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abramoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophotonics. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.5b00559","article-title":"Zinc 15 - ligand discovery for everyone","volume":"55","author":"Sterling","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","article-title":"UCSF Chimera\u2014a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis","volume":"25","author":"Pettersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biological Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021925825023087?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021925825023087?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T23:31:21Z","timestamp":1756423881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021925825023087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021925825023087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Repurposing clofazimine as an antibiotic to treat cholera: Identification of cellular and structural targets","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110458","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology\u00e9","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110458"}}