{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T20:44:26Z","timestamp":1770497066430,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,18]],"date-time":"2009-04-18T04:38:11Z","timestamp":1240029491000},"page":"1193-1200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Trunk response analysis under sudden forward perturbations using a kinematics-driven model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Bazrgari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Shirazi-Adl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1040-6","article-title":"Movement of the upper body and muscle activity patterns following a rapidly applied load: the influence of pre-load alterations","volume":"91","author":"Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib2","unstructured":"Arjmand, N., 2007. Computational biomechanics of the human spine in static lifting tasks. PhD Thesis, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal (Canada)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000187907.02910.4f","article-title":"Biomechanics of changes in lumbar posture in static lifting","volume":"30","author":"Arjmand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.10.001","article-title":"Sensitivity of kinematics-based model predictions to optimization criteria in static lifting tasks","volume":"28","author":"Arjmand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.11.030","article-title":"Model and in vivo studies on human trunk load partitioning and stability in isometric forward flexions","volume":"39","author":"Arjmand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0263-0","article-title":"Trunk biomechanical models based on equilibrium at a single-level violate equilibrium at other levels","volume":"16","author":"Arjmand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840802020404","article-title":"Relative efficiency of abdominal muscles in spine stability","volume":"11","author":"Arjmand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib8","unstructured":"Bazrgari, B., 2008. Biodynamic of the human spine. Mechanical Engineering. PhD Thesis, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal (Canada)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2008.04.047","article-title":"Computation of trunk muscle forces, spinal loads and stability in whole-body vibration","volume":"318","author":"Bazrgari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.06.026","article-title":"Seated whole body vibrations with high-magnitude accelerations\u2014relative roles of inertia and muscle forces","volume":"41","author":"Bazrgari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.08.010","article-title":"Computation of trunk equilibrium and stability in free flexion-extension movements at different velocities","volume":"41","author":"Bazrgari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.02.002","article-title":"Transient analysis of trunk response in sudden release loading using kinematics-driven finite element model","volume":"24","author":"Bazrgari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678909154177","article-title":"Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering","volume":"230","author":"Bergmark","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00167-0","article-title":"The responses of leg and trunk muscles to sudden unloading of the hands: implications for balance and spine stability","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib15","article-title":"The intrinsic stiffness of the in vivo lumbar spine in response to quick releases: implications for reflexive requirements","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431022","article-title":"Electromechanical delay in human skeletal muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions","volume":"42","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000188273.27463.bc","article-title":"Delayed trunk muscle reflex responses increase the risk of low back injuries","volume":"30","author":"Cholewicki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00118-4","article-title":"Effects of external trunk loads on lumbar spine stability","volume":"33","author":"Cholewicki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228421","article-title":"The influence of sudden perturbations on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure while standing","volume":"98","author":"Cresswell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.58B4.1018032","article-title":"Spondylolytic fractures","volume":"58-B","author":"Cyron","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00430-X","article-title":"Correlation between active and passive isometric force and intramuscular pressure in the isolated rabbit tibialis anterior muscle","volume":"36","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib22","unstructured":"El-Rich, M., 2005. Modeling of the human thoraco\u2013lumbar spine in standing posture: Analyses of the spinal load and stability (in French). PhD Thesis, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal (Canada)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000146463.05288.0e","article-title":"Muscle activity, internal loads, and stability of the human spine in standing postures: combined model and in vivo studies","volume":"29","author":"El-Rich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.08.007","article-title":"Role of reflex gain and reflex delay in spinal stability\u2014a dynamic simulation","volume":"40","author":"Franklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00226-8","article-title":"Trunk stiffness increases with steady-state effort","volume":"34","author":"Gardner-Morse","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.81.30391","article-title":"Influence of fatigue in neuromuscular control of spinal stability","volume":"46","author":"Granata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00064-X","article-title":"Trunk posture and spinal stability","volume":"16","author":"Granata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.11.004","article-title":"Effect of lumbar extensor fatigue on paraspinal muscle reflexes","volume":"16","author":"Herrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290060111","article-title":"Collocation, dissipation and overshoot for time integration schemes in structural dynamics","volume":"6","author":"Hilber","year":"1978","journal-title":"Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.4.841","article-title":"Influence of central set on human postural responses","volume":"62","author":"Horak","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib31","series-title":"Electromyographical Kinsiology","first-page":"291","article-title":"Compressive strength of lumbar spine elements related to age, gender, and other influencing factors","author":"Jager","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(03)00140-2","article-title":"Effect of torso flexion on the lumbar torso extensor muscle sagittal plane moment arms","volume":"3","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00048-5","article-title":"The in vivo dynamic response of the spine to perturbations causing rapid flexion: effects of pre-load and step input magnitude","volume":"14","author":"Krajcarski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00037-7","article-title":"Median frequency of the electromyographic signal: effect of time-window location on brief step contractions","volume":"11","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088903100108","article-title":"The effects of preview and task symmetry on trunk muscle response to sudden loading","volume":"31","author":"Lavender","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2165696","article-title":"An adaptive system identification model of the biomechanical response of the human trunk during sudden loading","volume":"128","author":"Lawrence","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199306000-00013","article-title":"The effects of flexion on the geometry and actions of the lumbar erector spinae","volume":"18","author":"Macintosh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708969744","article-title":"Trunk loading and expectation","volume":"30","author":"Marras","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90111-9","article-title":"Mechanical properties of lumbar spine motion segments under large loads","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.04.018","article-title":"Role of reflex dynamics in spinal stability: intrinsic muscle stiffness alone is insufficient for stability","volume":"40","author":"Moorhouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90070-U","article-title":"A method for studying the biomechanical load response of the (in vitro) lumbar spine under dynamic flexion-shear loads","volume":"26","author":"Osvalder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199212000-00001","article-title":"The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement","volume":"5","author":"Panjabi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0679-3","article-title":"Training can modify back muscle response to sudden trunk loading","volume":"13","author":"Pedersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318060a5a7","article-title":"Back muscle response to sudden trunk loading can be modified by training among healthcare workers","volume":"32","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200004150-00009","article-title":"Muscle response pattern to sudden trunk loading in healthy individuals and in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"25","author":"Radebold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1378-9","article-title":"Trunk antagonist co-activation is associated with impaired neuromuscular performance","volume":"188","author":"Reeves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.11.022","article-title":"Analysis of large compression loads on lumbar spine in flexion and in torsion using a novel wrapping element","volume":"39","author":"Shirazi-Adl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.07.010","article-title":"Neuromuscular neutral zones response to cyclic lumbar flexion","volume":"41","author":"Solomonow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0893-7","article-title":"Trunk muscular activation patterns and responses to transient force perturbation in persons with self-reported low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Stokes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00046-4","article-title":"Spinal stiffness increases with axial load: another stabilizing consequence of muscle action","volume":"13","author":"Stokes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00233851","article-title":"The electro-mechanical delay of the erector spinae muscle: influence of rate of force development, fatigue and electrode location","volume":"63","author":"van Dieen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.12.006","article-title":"Effects of different levels of torso coactivation on trunk muscular and kinematic responses to posteriorly applied sudden loads","volume":"21","author":"Vera-Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199611150-00013","article-title":"Muscular response to sudden load. A tool to evaluate fatigue and rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Wilder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib54","series-title":"Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement","author":"Winter","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.906963","article-title":"Dynamic stability of spine using stability-based optimization and muscle spindle reflex","volume":"16","author":"Zeinali-Davarani","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929009001547?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929009001547?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:58:08Z","timestamp":1762189088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929009001547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021929009001547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trunk response analysis under sudden forward perturbations using a kinematics-driven model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}