{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T19:41:36Z","timestamp":1782330096291,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T14:16:16Z","timestamp":1338473776000},"page":"1992-2000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Passive movement of human soft palate during respiration: A simulation of 3D fluid\/structure interaction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jian Hua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heow Pueh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kian Meng","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li San Lynette","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib1","first-page":"1846","article-title":"Dynamic upper airway soft-tissue and caliber changes in healthy subjects and snoring patients","volume":"25","author":"Akan","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200411-1597OC","article-title":"Changes in upper airway size during tidal breathing in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Arens","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1597\/08-012.1","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of the human soft palate","volume":"46","author":"Birch","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Cleft Palate\u2014Craniofacial Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.1.111","article-title":"CT in the evaluation of the upper airway in healthy subjects and in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Caballero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112085001902","article-title":"The hydrodynamic stability of flow over Kramer-type compliant surfaces. Part 1. Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities.","volume":"155","author":"Carpenter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S002211208600085X","article-title":"The hydrodynamic stability of flow over Kramer-type compliant surfaces. Part 2. Flow-induced surface instabilities","volume":"170","author":"Carpenter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.156430","article-title":"Movement of the tongue during normal breathing in awake healthy humans","volume":"586","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00413.2010","article-title":"Movement of the human upper airway during inspiration with and without inspiratory resistive loading","volume":"110","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.09.027","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of the tongue and soft palate using MR elastography","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-4388-9","article-title":"Fluid-structure coupled CFD simulation of the left ventricular flow during filling phase","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0412-1","article-title":"Modelling the human pharyngeal airway: validation of numerical simulations using in vitro experiments","volume":"47","author":"Chouly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2007.08.004","article-title":"Numerical and experimental study of expiratory flow in the case of major upper airway obstructions with fluid-structure interaction","volume":"24","author":"Chouly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Fluids and Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17100790","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the pharynx in OSA patients and healthy subjects","volume":"17","author":"Ciscar","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.07.009","article-title":"Novel imaging techniques using computer methods for the evaluation of the upper airway in patients with sleep-disordered breathing: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"De Backer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008","article-title":"Pathophysiology of sleep apnea","volume":"90","author":"Dempsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib16","series-title":"High Performance Computing Systems and Applications","first-page":"30","article-title":"Application of parallel processing to the simulation of heart mechanics","author":"Doyle","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2292","article-title":"The Influence of obstructive sleep apnea and gender on genioglossus activity during rapid eye movement sleep","volume":"135","author":"Eckert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000242119.92179.b6","article-title":"Palatal stiffening after failed uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with the pillar implant system","volume":"116","author":"Friedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112084000598","article-title":"On the interaction of compliant coatings with boundary-layer flows","volume":"140","author":"Gad-El-Hak","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib20","series-title":"Life System Modeling and Intelligent Computing","first-page":"588","article-title":"Respiration simulation of human upper airway for analysis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","author":"Huang","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00668.2004","article-title":"Computational simulation of human upper airway collapse using a pressure-\/state-dependent model of genioglossal muscle contraction under laminar flow conditions","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1324","article-title":"The impact of anatomic manipulations on pharyngeal collapse: results from a computational model of the normal human upper airway","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318030ca55","article-title":"Use of computational modeling to predict responses to upper airway surgery in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"117","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.4.1319","article-title":"Anatomy of pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and in normal subjects","volume":"82","author":"Isono","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-5-33","article-title":"Fluid structure interaction of patient specific abdominal aortic aneurysms: a comparison with solid stress models","volume":"5","author":"Leung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112092000727","article-title":"A numerical simulation of the interaction of a compliant wall and inviscid flow","volume":"234","author":"Lucey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2052808","article-title":"Measurement, reconstruction, and flow-field computation of the human pharynx with application to sleep apnea","volume":"57","author":"Lucey","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-9951-3","article-title":"FSI analysis of the coughing mechanism in a human trachea","volume":"38","author":"Malv\u00e8","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811700411","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics analysis of upper airway reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging data","volume":"117","author":"Mihaescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1777(97)10006-1","article-title":"Compliant coatings: the simpler alternative","volume":"16","author":"Mohamed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-8-24","article-title":"Fluid-structure interaction of a patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with an endovascular stent-graft","volume":"8","author":"Molony","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioMedical Engineering Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9712107","article-title":"Progressive retropalatal narrowing preceding obstructive apnea","volume":"158","author":"Morrell","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.11.034","article-title":"Soft palate implants for the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"134","author":"Nordg\u00e5rd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.7.909","article-title":"Morphologic analyses of mandible and upper airway soft tissue by MRI of patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Okubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00063406","article-title":"Upper airway collapsibility, dilator muscle activation and resistance in sleep apnoea","volume":"30","author":"Pierce","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.20.010188.002141","article-title":"Complaint coatings","volume":"20","author":"Riley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.5.7582313","article-title":"Upper airway and soft tissue anatomy in normal subjects and patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Significance of the lateral pharyngeal walls","volume":"152","author":"Schwab","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.4.8887615","article-title":"Upper airway and soft tissue structural changes induced by CPAP in normal subjects","volume":"154","author":"Schwab","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.4.1504","article-title":"Dynamic imaging of the upper airway during respiration in normal subjects","volume":"74","author":"Schwab","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-866OC","article-title":"Identification of upper airway anatomic risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"168","author":"Schwab","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.2.535","article-title":"Induction of upper airway occlusion in sleeping individuals with subatmospheric nasal pressure","volume":"64","author":"Schwartz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2003.07180.x","article-title":"Numerical analysis of the three-dimensional blood flow in the Korean artificial heart","volume":"27","author":"Shim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Artificial Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798009","article-title":"Modeling of airflow in the pharynx with application to sleep apnea","volume":"120","author":"Shome","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib44","first-page":"791","article-title":"Customized three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation of the upper airway of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"76","author":"Sung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7949(99)00009-7","article-title":"Wall stress and strain analysis using a three-dimensional thick-wall model with fluid\u2013structure interactions for blood flow in carotid arteries with stenoses","volume":"72","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Computers and Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7949(99)00019-X","article-title":"A 3-D thin-wall model with fluid\u2013structure interactions for blood flow in carotid arteries with symmetric and asymmetric stenoses","volume":"72","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Computers and Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000032457.10191.e0","article-title":"3D MRI-based multicomponent FSI models for atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.84.2.202","article-title":"Breathing patterns 1. Normal subjects","volume":"84","author":"Tobin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2008.10.006","article-title":"Numerical simulation of fluid\u2013structure interaction in stenotic arteries considering two layer nonlinear anisotropic structural model","volume":"36","author":"Valencia","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2006.03.008","article-title":"Blood flow dynamics and arterial wall interaction in a saccular aneurysm model of the basilar artery","volume":"84","author":"Valencia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computers and Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000222508","article-title":"Upper airway mechanics","volume":"78","author":"Verbraecken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.06.021","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics modeling of the upper airway of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in steady flow","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112088002745","article-title":"The stability of boundary-layer flow over single-and multi-layer viscoelastic walls","volume":"196","author":"Yeo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112087002635","article-title":"The stability of inviscid flows over passive compliant walls","volume":"183","author":"Yeo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1998.2132","article-title":"The convective and absolute instability of fluid flow over viscoelastic compliant layers","volume":"223","author":"Yeo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Sound and Vibration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027_bib56","first-page":"2624","article-title":"Evaluation of the upper airway cross-sectional area changes in different degrees of severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: cephalometric and dynamic CT study","volume":"26","author":"Yucel","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929012002734?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929012002734?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]],"date-time":"2019-06-29T04:26:15Z","timestamp":1561782375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929012002734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021929012002734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}}}