{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:15:17Z","timestamp":1790846117884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,14]],"date-time":"2013-02-14T12:45:56Z","timestamp":1360845956000},"page":"1147-1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Developmental biomechanics of the human cervical spine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Nuckley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Linders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randal P.","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib100","unstructured":"2003. Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes as a Leading Cause of Death in the United States, 2001. National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Fatality Analysis Reporting System."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.4.342","article-title":"Injury risk to restrained children exposed to deployed first- and second-generation air bags in frontal crashes","volume":"159","author":"Arbogast","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E309","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000261542.32649.1f","article-title":"Normal cervical spine range of motion in children 3\u201312 years old","volume":"32","author":"Arbogast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib4","unstructured":"Arbogast, K.B., Margulies, S.S., Patlak, M., Fenner, H., Thomas, D.J., 2003. Year Review of Pediatric Head and Neck Injury: Implications for Helmet Standards. In Summary of a conference held at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.56B3.513","article-title":"Spinal injuries in juveniles. Necropsy findings in twelve cases","volume":"56B","author":"Aufdermaur","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British Volume)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199505000-00004","article-title":"Stiffening effects of cortical bone on vertebral cancellous bone in situ","volume":"20","author":"Bryce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199407000-00005","article-title":"The relationships of skeletal injuries with trauma score, injury severity score, length of hospital stay, hospital charges, and mortality in children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center","volume":"14","author":"Buckley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000132290.50455.99","article-title":"Pediatric spine fractures: a review of 137 hospital admissions","volume":"17","author":"Carreon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib9","unstructured":"Carter, J.W., 2002. Compressive Cervical Spine Injury: The Effect of Injury Mechanism on Structural Injury Pattern and Neurologic Injury Potential. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib10","first-page":"441","article-title":"Tolerance of the cervical spine to eccentric axial compression","volume":"46","author":"Carter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1977.11","article-title":"The paediatric syndrome of traumatic myelopathy without demonstrable vertebral injury","volume":"15","author":"Cheshire","year":"1977","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib12","first-page":"329","article-title":"Tensile mechanics of the developing cervical spine","volume":"45","author":"Ching","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31548-0","article-title":"Operative treatment of spine fractures in children","volume":"21","author":"Crawford","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthopedic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557060-00015","article-title":"The mechanical properties of bone tissue in children","volume":"57-A","author":"Currey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3127257","article-title":"Tension and combined tension-extension structural response and tolerance properties of the humanb male ligamentous cervical spine","volume":"131","author":"Dibb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.729.763","article-title":"On the tensile strength of teh fresh adult fetus","volume":"19","author":"Duncan","year":"1874","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2133767","article-title":"Effect of loading rate on the compressive mechanics of the immature baboon cervical spine","volume":"128","author":"Elias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(89)90258-8","article-title":"The pediatric cervical spine: developmental anatomy and clinical aspects","volume":"7","author":"Fesmire","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199711010-00005","article-title":"Whiplash produces an S-shaped Curvature of the neck with hyperextension at lower levels","volume":"22","author":"Grauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ab65c6","article-title":"Pediatric and adult three-dimensional cervical spine kinematics: effect of age and sex through overall motion","volume":"34","author":"Greaves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0018","article-title":"Pediatric spinal trauma. Review of 122 cases of spinal cord and vertebral column injuries","volume":"68","author":"Hadley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.5.0700","article-title":"Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions","volume":"77","author":"Hamilton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2307\/1126031","article-title":"Pulse rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature of children between two months and eighteen years of age","volume":"23","author":"Iliff","year":"1952","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199609150-00003","article-title":"Growth of the cervical spine with special reference to its lordosis and mobility","volume":"21","author":"Kasai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90056-6","article-title":"Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone","volume":"27","author":"Keller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199304000-00003","article-title":"Interdependence of lumbar disc and subdiscal bone properties: a report of the normal and degenerated spine","volume":"6","author":"Keller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Spinal Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198001000-00003","article-title":"Spinal cord trauma in children. Neurologic patterns, radiologic features, and pathomechanics of injury","volume":"5","author":"Kewalramani","year":"1980","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib32","series-title":"Imaging of Spinal Trauma in Children. An Atlas and Text","author":"Kuhns","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200505000-00001","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the United States: research and programs of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","volume":"20","author":"Langlois","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib34","unstructured":"Lenox, J.B., Stalnaker, R.L., White, C.D., Moore, G.T., Anderson, O.M., Schleicher, R.R., Peel, H.H., Martin, S.S., Driscoll, G.D., 1982. Development of Neck Injury Tolerance Criteria in Human Surrogates I. Static Tensile Loading in the Baboon Neck: Preliminary Observations. Experimental Safety Vehicles Technical Session #5, pp. 279\u2013286."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib35","first-page":"107","article-title":"Tensile mechanical properties of the perinatal and pediatric PMHS osteoligamentous cervical spine","volume":"52","author":"Luck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib36","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Air bag-related deaths and serious injuries in children: injury patterns and imaging findings","volume":"19","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.20.2.6","article-title":"Cervical spine trauma in children: a review","volume":"20","author":"McCall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgical Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElhaney, J.H., Paver, J.G., McCrackin, H.J., Maxwell, G.M., 1983. Cervical Spine Compression Responses. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 163\u2013177.","DOI":"10.4271\/831615"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib39","unstructured":"Mertz, H., Driscoll, J., Lenox, J., Nyquist, G., Weber, D., 1982. Responses of Animals Exposed to Deployment of Various Passenger Inflatable Restraint Systems Concepts for a Variety of Collision Severities and Animal Positions. SAE Transactions Paper # 826047."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1342-4","article-title":"Pediatric cervical spine injuries: a comprehensive review","volume":"27","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child's Nervous System"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosekilde, L., 1993. Vertebral structure and strength in vivo and in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 53, S121\u2013125: discussion S125\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673420"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v23.i5-6.10","article-title":"Epidemiology, classification, mechanism, and tolerance of human cervical spine injuries","volume":"23","author":"Myers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199401001-00016","article-title":"Effect of strain rate and bone mineral on the structural properties of the human anterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"19","author":"Neumann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nightingale, R., McElhaney, J., Camacho, D., Kleinberger, M., Winkelstein, B., Myers, B., 1997. The Dynamic Responses of the Cervical Spine: Buckling, End Conditions, and Tolerance in Compressive Impacts. Stapp Car Crash Conference 41st Annual Meeting, pp. 451\u2013471.","DOI":"10.4271\/973344"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.02.015","article-title":"Flexion and extension structural properties and strengths for male cervical spine segments","volume":"40","author":"Nightingale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580490435213","article-title":"The human cervical spine in tension: effects of frame and fixation compliance on structural responses","volume":"5","author":"Nightingale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.10.014","article-title":"Developmental biomechanics of the cervical spine: Tension and compression","volume":"39","author":"Nuckley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.04.015","article-title":"Spinal maturation affects vertebral compressive mechanics and vBMD with sex dependence","volume":"35","author":"Nuckley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib49","unstructured":"Nuckley, D.J., Hertsted, S., Eck, M., Ching, R.. Effect of Displacement Rate on the Tensile Mechanics of Cervical Functional Spinal Units. Journal of Biomechanics, in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib50","first-page":"431","article-title":"Compressive tolerance of the maturing cervical spine","volume":"46","author":"Nuckley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.09.021","article-title":"Effect of displacement rate on the tensile mechanics of pediatric cervical functional spinal units","volume":"38","author":"Nuckley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373169","article-title":"Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. XI. The first cervical vertebra","volume":"12","author":"Ogden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373169","article-title":"Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. XII. The second cervical vertebra","volume":"12","author":"Ogden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000120464","article-title":"Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children","volume":"15","author":"Osenbach","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatric Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E716","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000192280.53831.70","article-title":"Biomechanical assessment of the pediatric cervical spine under bending and tensile loading","volume":"30","author":"Ouyang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112150-00012","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the human cervical spine as shown by three-dimensional load\u2013displacement curves","volume":"26","author":"Panjabi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199108000-00001","article-title":"Cervical human vertebrae. Quantitative three-dimensional anatomy of the middle and lower regions","volume":"16","author":"Panjabi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199701150-00003","article-title":"Effect of test environment on intervertebral disc hydration","volume":"22","author":"Pflaster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib59","first-page":"44","article-title":"Child neck strength characteristics using an animal model","author":"Pintar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.69.2.0177","article-title":"Recurrent spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children","volume":"69","author":"Pollack","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib61","unstructured":"Prichett, J., 1993. Pratical Bone Growth, 1st ed. James W. Prichett, M.D., Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib62","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"2554","article-title":"Somatic growth and maturation","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib63","series-title":"Fundamentals of Biostatistics","author":"Rosner","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib64","series-title":"Clinical Geriatrics","first-page":"9","article-title":"Aging changes","author":"Rossman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.09.016","article-title":"Kinetics of the cervical spine in pediatric and adult volunteers during low speed frontal impacts","volume":"45","author":"Seacrist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90354-P","article-title":"Variations of stiffness and strength along the human cervical spine","volume":"24","author":"Shea","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib67","unstructured":"Starnes, M., Aigan, M., 2002. Fatalities and Injuries to 0\u20138 Year Old Passenger Vehicle Occupants Based on Impact Attributes. DOT HS 809 410, NHTSA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib68","unstructured":"U.S., P.H.S., 2000. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib69","first-page":"85","article-title":"Tensile properties of the human muscular and ligamentous cervical spine","volume":"44","author":"Van Ee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198304000-00012","article-title":"Traumatic paraplegia in children without contiguous spinal fracture or dislocation","volume":"12","author":"Walsh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/35098076","article-title":"A general model for ontogenetic growth","volume":"413","author":"West","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00009-0","article-title":"Dynamic loading affects the mechanical properties and failure site of porcine spines","volume":"12","author":"Yingling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00074-7","article-title":"Biomechanics of the cervical spine Part 2. Cervical spine soft tissue responses and biomechanical modeling","volume":"16","author":"Yoganandan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2796086","article-title":"Inertial loading of the human cervical spine","volume":"119","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(95)00054-2","article-title":"Human head\u2013neck biomechanics under axial tension","volume":"18","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Medical Engineering and Physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199903010-00006","article-title":"Traumatic instabilities of the cervical spine caused by high-speed axial compression in a human model. An in vitro biomechanical study","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002192901300033X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002192901300033X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T18:47:08Z","timestamp":1644346028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002192901300033X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S002192901300033X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Developmental biomechanics of the human cervical spine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}