{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:26:15Z","timestamp":1791221175549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]],"date-time":"2013-07-18T16:45:44Z","timestamp":1374165944000},"page":"2228-2235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Trunk strength, muscle activity and spinal loads in maximum isometric flexion and extension exertions: A combined in vivo-computational study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Z.","family":"El Ouaaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Shirazi-Adl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Plamondon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000061994.36719.5E","article-title":"Trunk muscle strength in flexion, extension, and axial rotation in patients managed with lumbar disc herniation surgery and in healthy control subjects","volume":"28","author":"Arja","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM537","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a novel triaxial isometric trunk muscle strength measurement system","volume":"223","author":"Azghani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000187907.02910.4f","article-title":"Biomechanics of changes in lumbar posture in static lifting","volume":"30","author":"Arjmand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.11.030","article-title":"Model and in vivo studies on human trunk load partitioning and stability in isometric forward flexions","volume":"39","author":"Arjmand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.10.001","article-title":"Sensitivity of kinematics-based model predictions to optimization criteria in static lifting tasks","volume":"28","author":"Arjmand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Engineering and Physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0012-9","article-title":"Role of Intra-abdominal pressure in the unloading and stabilization of the human spine during static lifting tasks","volume":"15","author":"Arjmand","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.03.006","article-title":"Wrapping of trunk thoracic extensor muscles influences muscle forces and spinal loads in lifting tasks","volume":"21","author":"Arjmand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0263-0","article-title":"Trunk biomechanical models based on equilibrium at a single-level violate equilibrium at other levels","volume":"16","author":"Arjmand","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.04.009","article-title":"Trunk biomechanics during maximum isometric axial torque exertions in upright standing","volume":"23","author":"Arjmand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.51.1.20","article-title":"A comparison study on the change in lumbar lordosis when standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor in normal individuals","volume":"51","author":"Bae","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.02.002","article-title":"Transient analysis of trunk response in sudden release loading using kinematics-driven finite element model","volume":"24","author":"Bazrgari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199208000-00007","article-title":"A universal model of the lumbar back muscles in the upright position","volume":"17","author":"Bogduk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00065-C","article-title":"Comparison of muscle forces and joint load from an optimization and EMG assisted lumbar spine model: towards development of a hybrid approach","volume":"28","author":"Cholewicki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib14","first-page":"243","article-title":"Muscle fibre direction of longissimus, iliocostalis and multifidus: landmark-derived reference lines","volume":"163","author":"De Foa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00178-6","article-title":"Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters","volume":"29","author":"de Leva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199105000-00014","article-title":"Functional radiographic diagnosis of the lumbar spine. flexion-extension and lateral bending","volume":"16","author":"Dvor\u00e1k","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2009.11.008","article-title":"Lumbar spine and pelvic posture between standing and sitting: a radiologic investigation including reliability and repeatability of the lumbar lordosis measure","volume":"33","author":"De Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840902896018","article-title":"A novel approach to evaluate abdominal coactivities for optimal spinal stability and compression force in lifting","volume":"12","author":"El Ouaaid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2011.607441","article-title":"Coupled objective function to study the role of abdominal muscle forces in lifting using the kinematics-driven model","volume":"16","author":"El Ouaaid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000146463.05288.0e","article-title":"Muscle activity, internal loads and stability of the human spine in standing postures: combined model-in vivo studies","volume":"29","author":"El-Rich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.017","article-title":"Computational model of the lumbar spine musculature: implications of spinal surgery","volume":"26","author":"Gatton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.03.002","article-title":"An improved multi-joint EMG-assisted optimization approach to estimate joint and muscle forces in a musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine","volume":"44","author":"Gagnon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00001-6","article-title":"Development and application of predictive equations of maximal static moments generated by the trunk musculature","volume":"12","author":"Gravel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00039-7","article-title":"Surface electromyography assessment of back muscle intrinsic properties","volume":"13","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.045","article-title":"Offering proper feedback to control for out-of-plane lumbar moments influences the activity of trunk muscles during unidirectional isometric trunk exertions","volume":"42","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00078-9","article-title":"Factor structure of trunk performance data for healthy subjects","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199711010-00020","article-title":"Lumbar lordosis. Effects of sitting and standing","volume":"22","author":"Lord","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(95)00042-9","article-title":"Isolated planar trunk strengths measurement in normals: Part III\u2014Results and database","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00078.x","article-title":"Muscular performance after a 3 month progressive physical program and 9 month follow-up in subjects with low back pain. A controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Kuukkanen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00027-0","article-title":"The validity and reliability of surface EMG to assess the neuromuscular response of the abdominal muscles to rapid limb movement","volume":"13","author":"Marshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199107000-00021","article-title":"Kinetic potential of the lumbar trunk musculature about three orthogonal orthopaedic axes in extreme postures","volume":"16","author":"McGill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198609000-00004","article-title":"Partitioning of the L4-L5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting","volume":"11","author":"McGill","year":"1986","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)84547-7","article-title":"Appropriately placed surface EMG electrodes reflect deep muscle activity (psoas, quadratus lumborum, abdominal wall) in the lumbar spine","volume":"29","author":"McGill","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00067-5","article-title":"EMG activity of trunk muscles and torque output during isometric axial rotation exertion: a comparison between back pain patients and matched controls","volume":"20","author":"Ng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198404000-00013","article-title":"Three-dimensional X-ray analysis of normal movement in the lumbar spine","volume":"9","author":"Pearcy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearsall, D.J., 1994. Segmental Inertial Properties of the Human Trunk as Determined from Computer Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imagery. Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368294"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198809000-00010","article-title":"Application of a stereoradiographic method for the study of intervertebral motion","volume":"13","author":"Plamondon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00060-9","article-title":"Posture-dependent trunk extensor EMG activity during maximum isometrics exertions in normal male and female","volume":"13","author":"Roy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2004.01.004","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of trunk muscle coactivation in sub-maximal isometric exertion tasks","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895791","article-title":"Analysis of role of bone compliance on mechanics of a lumbar motion segment","volume":"116","author":"Shirazi-Adl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.11.022","article-title":"Analysis of large compression loads on lumbar spine in flexion and in torsion using a novel wrapping element","volume":"39","author":"Shirazi-Adl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00164-X","article-title":"Quantitative anatomy of the lumbar musculature","volume":"32","author":"Stokes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00140-7","article-title":"Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles","volume":"18","author":"Stokes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181719264","article-title":"The influence of pain-related fear on peak muscle activity and force generation during maximal isometric trunk exertions","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2004.03.004","article-title":"Effects of low back pain on the relationship between the movements of the lumbar spine and hip","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198712000-00015","article-title":"The activity of individual trunk muscles during heavy physical loading","volume":"12","author":"Zetterberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929013002923?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929013002923?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T01:15:05Z","timestamp":1758244505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929013002923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021929013002923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trunk strength, muscle activity and spinal loads in maximum isometric flexion and extension exertions: A combined in vivo-computational study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}