{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T19:53:24Z","timestamp":1792871604480,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship program"},{"name":"Joint Motion Program (JuMP) - A CIHR Training Program in Musculoskeletal Health Research and Leadership"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jbiomech.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T06:02:28Z","timestamp":1400824948000},"page":"2672-2678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The effect of static muscle forces on the fracture strength of the intact distal radius in vitro in response to simulated forward fall impacts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Burkhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia E.","family":"Dunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198605000-00035","article-title":"Long-term results of conservative treatment of fractures of the distal radius","volume":"206","author":"Altissimi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110921","article-title":"Prediction of fracture load at different skeletal sites by geometric properties of the cortical shell","volume":"11","author":"Augat","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160517","article-title":"Distal radius fractures: mechanisms of injury and strength prediction by bone mineral assessment","volume":"16","author":"Augat","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.03.013","article-title":"The effect of distal ulnar implant stem material and length on bone strains","volume":"32-A","author":"Austman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib5","series-title":"Rosette strain computation and circle construction","first-page":"314","author":"Benham","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib6","unstructured":"Burkhart, T.A., 2011. Biomechanics of the Upper Extremity in Response to Dynamic Impact Loading Indicative of a Forward Fall: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation. (Ph.D. thesis). University of Windsor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.26.3.281","article-title":"The effectiveness of wrist guards for reducing wrist and elbow accelerations resulting from simulated forward falls","volume":"26","author":"Burkhart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101007-1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007631","article-title":"Predicting distal radius bone strains and injury in response to impacts using multi-axial accelerometers","volume":"134","author":"Burkhart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22009","article-title":"Failure characteristics of the isolated distal radius in response to dynamic impact loading","volume":"30","author":"Burkhart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011001-1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005543","article-title":"Reliability of impact forces, hip angles and velocities during simulated forward falls using a novel Propelled Upper Limb fall ARrest Impact System (PULARIS)","volume":"134","author":"Burkhart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.01.015","article-title":"Kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation patterns of the upper extremity during simulated forward falls","volume":"23","author":"Burkhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318168ead3","article-title":"Soft tissue motion influences skeletal loads during impacts","volume":"36","author":"Challis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00137-7","article-title":"Prediction of upper extremity impact forces during falls on the outstretched hand","volume":"31","author":"Chiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013576","article-title":"Interaction between pre-activity and stretch reflex in human triceps brachii during landing from forward falls","volume":"311","author":"Dietz","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00080-3","article-title":"Influence of muscle forces on femoral strain distribution","volume":"31","author":"Duda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00092-1","article-title":"Injury risk function for the small female wrist in axial loading","volume":"35","author":"Duma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.26.2.229","article-title":"Comparing methods of quantifying tibial acceleration slope","volume":"2","author":"Duquette","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200033","article-title":"Direct medical costs attributable to osteoporotic fractures","volume":"13","author":"Gabriel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500215","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of the effectiveness of in-line skating wrist guards for preventing wrist fractures","volume":"25","author":"Giacobetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260061501","article-title":"Dynamic impact response of human cadaveric forearms using a wrist brace","volume":"26","author":"Greenwald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.12.1644-a","article-title":"Statistical methods for rates and proportions","volume":"138","author":"Grove","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am.J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-3320-7","article-title":"A model of the upper extremity for simulating musculoskeletal surgery and analyzing neuromuscular control","volume":"33","author":"Holzbaur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198306000-00043","article-title":"Estimation of mechanical properties of the distal radius from bone mineral content and cortical width","volume":"176","author":"Horsman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668050-00020","article-title":"A new stitch for ligament-tendon fixation","volume":"68","author":"Krackow","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80151-1","article-title":"X-ray film measurements for healed distal radius fractures","volume":"21","author":"Kreder","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70198-7","article-title":"Do wrist guards protect against fractures?","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.11.016","article-title":"Adequacy of laboratory simulation of in-line skater falls","volume":"30","author":"Lubahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-4-24","article-title":"Pain and disability reported in the year following a distal radius fracture: a cohort study","volume":"4","author":"MacDermid","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.4.1231","article-title":"Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue","volume":"21","author":"McElhaney","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00043-9","article-title":"Coordination of muscle activity to assure stability of the lumbar spine","volume":"13","author":"McGill","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib30","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Biomechanical effect of in-line skating wrist guards on the prevention of wrist fracture","volume":"15","author":"McGrady","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E699","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181fb73ea","article-title":"Comparative assessment of sacral screw loosening augmented with PMMA versus a calcium triglyceride bone cement","volume":"36","author":"McLachlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib32","series-title":"The AO classification of long bones","first-page":"74","author":"Muller","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556221","article-title":"Correlations between photon absorption properties and failure load of the distal radiusin vitro","volume":"49","author":"Myers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb07307.x","article-title":"Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"41","author":"Nevitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00048-2","article-title":"The effect of muscle stiffness and damping on simulated impact force peaks during running","volume":"32","author":"Nigg","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.18.3.231","article-title":"Soft tissue motion during impacts: their potential contributions to energy dissipation","volume":"18","author":"Pain","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00199-8","article-title":"The role of the heel pad and shank soft tissue during impacts: a further resolution of a paradox","volume":"34","author":"Pain","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.01.005","article-title":"Review of motor control mechanisms underlying impact absorption from falls","volume":"21","author":"Santello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.05.017","article-title":"Current and future national costs to medicare for the treatment of distal radius fracture in the elderly","volume":"36","author":"Shauver","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(00)00059-0","article-title":"The effects of partial and total interosseous membrane transection on load sharing in the cadaver forearm","volume":"19","author":"Shepard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100120210","article-title":"Cortical and trabecular bone contribute strength to the osteopenic distal radius","volume":"12","author":"Spadaro","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270041501","article-title":"The effect of wrist guards on bone strain in the distal forearm","volume":"27","author":"Staebler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00614-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales","volume":"29","author":"Van Staa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929014002966?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929014002966?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T02:06:11Z","timestamp":1649037971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929014002966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021929014002966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effect of static muscle forces on the fracture strength of the intact distal radius in vitro in response to simulated forward fall impacts","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}