{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:36:23Z","timestamp":1792650983862,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jbiomech.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T21:09:52Z","timestamp":1446671392000},"page":"4309-4316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A machine learning approach to estimate Minimum Toe Clearance using Inertial Measurement Units"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Braveena K.","family":"Santhiranayagam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel T.H.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.A.","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezaul K.","family":"Begg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.07.010","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of ageing and falls history on minimum foot clearance characteristics during level walking","volume":"32","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.03.008","article-title":"Minimum foot clearance during walking: strategies for the minimisation of trip-related falls","volume":"25","author":"Begg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.845241","article-title":"Support vector machines for automated gait classification","volume":"52","author":"Begg","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/17.6.365","article-title":"Falls by elderly people at home: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"17","author":"Blake","year":"1988","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.09.013","article-title":"The change of gait parameters during walking at different percentage of preferred walking speed for healthy adults aged 20\u201360 years","volume":"31","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100443","article-title":"Gait and foot clearance parameters obtained using shoe-worn inertial sensors in a large-population sample of older adults","volume":"14","author":"Dadashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib7","first-page":"311","article-title":"Procedure for effortless in-filed calibration of three-axis rate gyros and accelerometers","volume":"7","author":"Ferraris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.001","article-title":"Predicting lower limb joint kinematics using wearable motion sensors","volume":"28","author":"Findlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.916282","article-title":"Portable preimpact fall detector with inertial sensors","volume":"16","author":"Ge","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guangyi, S., Yuexian, Z., Yufeng, J., Xiaole, C., Li, W.J., 2009. Towards HMM based human motion recognition using MEMS inertial sensors. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics. Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2009.4913268"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0416","article-title":"Kinematic measures for assessing gait stability in elderly individuals: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Hamacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Royal Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.12.1344","article-title":"Executive functions are associated with gait and balance in community-living elderly people","volume":"63","author":"Iersel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, D.T.H., Begg, R., Charry, E., Palaniswami, M., 2008a. Frequency analysis of inertial sensor data for measuring toe clearance. In: International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing. Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2008.4762004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, D.T.H., Begg, R., Charry, E., Palaniswami, M., Hill, K., 2008b. Measuring toe clearance using a wireless inertial sensing device. In: International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing. Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2008.4762017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1142\/S1469026808002314","article-title":"SVM Models for diagnosing balance problems using statistical features of the MTC signal","volume":"7","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, D.T.H., Shilton, A., Charry, E., Begg, R., Palaniswami, M., 2009. A machine learning approach to k-step look-ahead prediction of gait variables from acceleration data. In: The IEEE International Conference of Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Minneapolis, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5334512"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0327-x","article-title":"Support vector machine for classification of walking conditions using miniature kinematic sensors","volume":"46","author":"Lau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.03.018","article-title":"The reliability of using accelerometer and gyroscope for gait event identification on persons with dropped foot","volume":"27","author":"Lau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.01.031","article-title":"Walking speed estimation using a shank-mounted inertial measurement unit","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49107.x","article-title":"Visual risk factors for falls in older people","volume":"49","author":"Lord","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.07.022","article-title":"Walking speed estimation using foot-mounted inertial sensors: comparing machine learning and strap-down integration methods","volume":"36","author":"Mannini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.08.020","article-title":"Physiologic complexity and aging: implications for physical function and rehabilitation","volume":"45","author":"Manor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.07.003","article-title":"3D gait assessment in young and elderly subjects using foot-worn inertial sensors","volume":"43","author":"Mariani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2216263","article-title":"Heel and toe clearance estimation for gait analysis using wireless inertial sensors","volume":"59","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.01.034","article-title":"Estimation of minimum ground clearance (MGC) using body-worn inertial sensors","volume":"44","author":"McGrath","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.10.006","article-title":"Toe clearance variability during walking in young and elderly men","volume":"28","author":"Mills","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.05.013","article-title":"Ageing and limb dominance effects on foot\u2013ground clearance during treadmill and overground walking","volume":"26","author":"Nagano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.800763","article-title":"Measurement of stand\u2013sit and sit\u2013stand transitions using a miniature gyroscope and its application in fall risk evaluation in the elderly","volume":"49","author":"Najafi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.51.6.1092","article-title":"Generalized regression neural networks for evapotranspiration modelling","volume":"51","author":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.04.035","article-title":"Estimation of stride length in level walking using an inertial measurement unit attached to the foot: a validation of the zero velocity assumption during stance","volume":"44","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02345128","article-title":"Quaternion-based strap-down integration method for applications of inertial sensing to gait analysis","volume":"43","author":"Sabatini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.840727","article-title":"Assessment of walking features from foot inertial sensing","volume":"52","author":"Sabatini","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santhiranayagam, B.K., Lai, D.T.H., Shilton, A., Begg, R., Palaniswami, M., 2013. Autonomous detection of different walking tasks using end point foot trajectory vertical displacement data. In: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2013.6529842"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.02.013","article-title":"The effects of everyday concurrent tasks on overground minimum toe clearance and gait parameters","volume":"32","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.03.013","article-title":"Variability in the foot\u2013ground clearance and step timing of young and older men during single-task and dual-task treadmill walking","volume":"28","author":"Sparrow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1109\/72.97934","article-title":"A general regression neural network","volume":"2","author":"Specht","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib37","series-title":"The Effect of Ageing on the Control of Toe Clearance During Walking (Ph.D. thesis)","author":"Taylor","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0673-6","article-title":"Biofeedback training effects on minimum toe clearance variability during treadmill walking","volume":"41","author":"Tirosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2007.09.001","article-title":"Human motion tracking for rehabilitation \u2013 a survey","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929015005886?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929015005886?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T01:55:47Z","timestamp":1537235747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929015005886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021929015005886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A machine learning approach to estimate Minimum Toe Clearance using Inertial Measurement Units","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.10.040","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}