{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:29:21Z","timestamp":1789885761050,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01 DK75633-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 DK75633-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A4843C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4843C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]],"date-time":"2016-08-29T09:33:22Z","timestamp":1472463202000},"page":"3328-3333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The association between mechanical and biochemical\/histological characteristics in diabetic and non-diabetic plantar soft tissue"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"William R.","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane B.","family":"Shofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yak-Nam","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1986.tb04282.x","article-title":"Estimation of surface area from vertical sections","volume":"142","author":"Baddeley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4","volume":"1","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"R. Packag. Vers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713475357","article-title":"Declines in Lower Extremity Amputation in the US Medicare Population, 2000\u20132010","volume":"34","author":"Belatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60205a053","article-title":"Two improved and simplified methods for the spectrophoto- metric determination of hydroxyproline","volume":"35","author":"Bergman","year":"1963","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079501600502","article-title":"Histology and histomorphometric analysis of the normal and atrophic heel fat pad","volume":"16","author":"Buschmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib6","unstructured":"CDCP, 2011. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. Atlanta, GA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.04.004","article-title":"Epidermal thickness and biomechanical properties of plantar tissues in diabetic foot","volume":"37","author":"Chao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.03.011","article-title":"The relationship between the mechanical properties of heel-pad and common clinical measures associated with foot ulcers in patients with diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Chatzistergos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200603000-00031","article-title":"Magnetic resonance elastography of the plantar fat pads: Preliminary study in diabetic patients and asymptomatic volunteers","volume":"30","author":"Cheung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib10","first-page":"L148","article-title":"Recent stereological methods for cell biology: a brief survey","volume":"258","author":"Cruz-Orive","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3429","article-title":"An R2 statistic for fixed effects in the linear mixed model","volume":"27","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.038","article-title":"Applying stereology to measure thickness of the basement membrane zone in bronchial biopsy specimens","volume":"112","author":"Ferrando","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00074-2","article-title":"Integration of plantar soft tissue stiffness measurements in routine MRI of the diabetic foot","volume":"16","author":"Gefen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198601000-00008","article-title":"Sonography of the sole of the foot. Evidence for loss of foot pad thickness in diabetes and its relationship to ulceration of the foot","volume":"21","author":"Gooding","year":"1986","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib15","first-page":"3","article-title":"bkrtest: Parametric bootstrap and Kenward Roger based methods for mixed model comparison","volume":"0","author":"Halekoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"R. Packag. Vers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.06.009","article-title":"Altered energy dissipation ratio of the plantar soft tissues under the metatarsal heads in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00018-9","article-title":"Biomechanics of the heel pad for type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"17","author":"Hsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech.\u00a0(Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00394.x","article-title":"Altered heel-pad mechanical properties in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Hsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabet. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300502","article-title":"Investigations into the fat pads of the sole of the foot: Anatomy and Histology","volume":"13","author":"Jahss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/1\/53","article-title":"Effect of viscoelastic properties of plantar soft tissues on plantar pressures at the first metatarsal head in diabetics with peripheral neuropathy","volume":"34","author":"Jan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.35661","article-title":"Plantar tissue stiffness in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy","volume":"83","author":"Klaesner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1360","article-title":"Declining rates of hospitalization for nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation in the diabetic population aged 40 years or older: u.s., 1988-2008","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1991.sp003533","article-title":"The new stereological methods for interpreting functional morphology from slices of cells and organs","volume":"76","author":"Mayhew","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.08.025","article-title":"A numerical model for investigating the mechanics of calcaneal fat pad region","volume":"5","author":"Natali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00010101","article-title":"Sampling for Stereology in Lungs","volume":"15","author":"Nyengaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.02.021","article-title":"The compressive mechanical properties of diabetic and non-diabetic plantar soft tissue","volume":"43","author":"Pai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0263-z","article-title":"The quasi-linear viscoelastic properties of diabetic and non-diabetic plantar soft tissue","volume":"39","author":"Pai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.10.021","article-title":"The shear mechanical properties of diabetic and non-diabetic plantar soft tissue","volume":"45","author":"Pai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8727(98)00022-1","article-title":"Hardness of plantar skin in diabetic neuropathic feet","volume":"13","author":"Piaggesi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.4.1430","article-title":"Lung mechanics and connective tissue proteins in diabetic Bio-Breeding\/Worcester Wistar rats","volume":"62","author":"Sahebjami","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib32","series-title":"In Kidney Research: Experimental Protocols","first-page":"223","article-title":"Determination of collagen content, concentration, and sub-types in kidney tissue","author":"Samuel","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib33","first-page":"27","article-title":"Connective tissue in diabetes mellitus: biochemical alterations of the intercellular matrix with special reference to proteoglycans, collagens and basement membranes","volume":"11","author":"Sternberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabete Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009143431107","article-title":"Foot ulcers","volume":"343","author":"Sumpio","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.03.015","article-title":"Changes in the thickness and stiffness of plantar soft tissues in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(76)80180-5","article-title":"The estimation of two collagens from human dermis by interrupted gel electrophoresis","volume":"72","author":"Sykes","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib37","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team","year":"2014","journal-title":"R. Found. Stat. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000115334.65095.9B","article-title":"Alterations in the renal elastin-elastase system in type 1 diabetic nephropathy identified by proteomic analysis","volume":"15","author":"Thongboonkerd","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1775","article-title":"Trends in initial lower extremity amputation rates among Veterans Health Administration health care System users from 2000 to 2004","volume":"34","author":"Tseng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2009.07.008","article-title":"Is there histomorphological evidence of plantar metatarsal fat pad atrophy in patients with diabetes?","volume":"48","author":"Waldecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0802","article-title":"Histomorphological evaluation of diabetic and non-diabetic plantar soft tissue","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-N., Pai, S., Lee, K., Shofer, J.B., Ledoux, W.R., 2016. Histomorphological and biochemical properties of plantar soft tissue in diabetes, in preparation.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2017.06.001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00163-5","article-title":"Biomechanical assessment of plantar foot tissue in diabetic patients using an ultrasound indentation system","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929016309319?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929016309319?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T11:37:55Z","timestamp":1768649875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929016309319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021929016309319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The association between mechanical and biochemical\/histological characteristics in diabetic and non-diabetic plantar soft tissue","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}