{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:55:48Z","timestamp":1787759748485,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swiss Center for Clinical Movement Analysis"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T19:47:25Z","timestamp":1571255245000},"page":"109432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Biomechanical effects of passive hip springs during walking"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Florian L.","family":"Haufe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Riener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Grimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/10255849908907988","article-title":"A dynamic optimization solution for vertical jumping in three dimensions","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2003.823266","article-title":"Adaptive control of a variable-impedance ankle-foot orthosis to assist drop-foot gait","volume":"12","author":"Blaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.08.026","article-title":"Spring-like ankle foot orthoses reduce the energy cost of walking by taking over ankle work","volume":"35","author":"Bregman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031014-1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039772","article-title":"Optimal stiffness design for an exhaustive parallel compliance matrix in multiactuator robotic limbs","volume":"10","author":"Cahill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Robot."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110112","article-title":"Efficacy of a hip flexion assist orthosis in adults with hemiparesis after stroke","volume":"92","author":"Carda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R243","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1977.233.5.R243","article-title":"Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure","volume":"233","author":"Cavagna","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regulat. Integrat. Comparat. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0035","first-page":"016012-1","article-title":"On the biological mechanics and energetics of the hip joint muscle-tendon system assisted by passive hip exoskeleton","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinspiration Biomimetics"},{"issue":"7555","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14288","article-title":"Reducing the energy cost of human walking using an unpowered exoskeleton","volume":"522","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0180320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180320","article-title":"Simulating ideal assistive devices to reduce the metabolic cost of walking with heavy loads","volume":"12","author":"Dembia","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"66","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0182","article-title":"The mechanics and energetics of human walking and running: a joint level perspective","volume":"9","author":"Farris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Roy. Soc. Interface"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00821.2005","article-title":"Neuromechanical adaptation to hopping with an elastic ankle-foot orthosis","volume":"100","author":"Ferris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4791-4","article-title":"Achilles tendon elastic properties remain decreased in long term after rupture","volume":"26","author":"Frankewycz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.04.032","article-title":"Imaging and simulation of achilles tendon dynamics: Implications for walking performance in the elderly","volume":"49","author":"Franz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.09.040","article-title":"Leg stiffness adjustment for a range of hopping frequencies in humans","volume":"43","author":"Hobara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00189.2005","article-title":"Muscle-tendon interaction and elastic energy usage in human walking","volume":"99","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.02.072","article-title":"Leg stiffness increases with speed to modulate gait frequency and propulsion energy","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(93)90010-M","article-title":"Joint stiffness: Myth or reality?","volume":"12","author":"Latash","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2248749","article-title":"Powered hip exoskeletons can reduce the user\u2019s hip and ankle muscle activations during walking","volume":"21","author":"Lenzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0095","first-page":"13","article-title":"Biomechanical walking mechanisms underlying the metabolic reduction caused by an autonomous exoskeleton","author":"Mooney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabilit."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2872889","article-title":"Reducing the energy cost of human running using an unpowered exoskeleton","volume":"26","author":"Nasiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(03)00062-6","article-title":"Muscle force redistributes segmental power for body progression during walking","volume":"19","author":"Neptune","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2230261","article-title":"The difference between stiffness and quasi-stiffness in the context of biomechanical modeling","volume":"60","author":"Rouse","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"57","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0115","article-title":"The Myosuit: Bi-articular anti-gravity exosuit that reduces hip extensor activity in sitting transfers","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0120","unstructured":"SENIAM Project 2018. Available at www.seniam.org, retrieved 15.12.2017."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2428636","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of stiffness in parallel with the knee joint during walking","volume":"62","author":"Shamaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81841","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081841","article-title":"Estimation of quasi-stiffness of the human hip in the stance phase of walking","volume":"8","author":"Shamaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0135","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","first-page":"6672","article-title":"Design of a quasi-passive ankle-foot prosthesis with biomimetic, variable stiffness","author":"Shepherd","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.5.542","article-title":"Explanations pertaining to the hip joint flexor moment during the stance phase of human walking","volume":"28","author":"Simonsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.065","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a hip flexion assist orthosis in ambulatory multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"89","author":"Sutliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843607001126","article-title":"A quasi-passive leg exoskeleton for load-carrying augmentation","volume":"04","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Humanoid Rob."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.05.023","article-title":"Assessment of a greater trochanter-based method of locating the hip joint center","volume":"43","author":"Weinhandl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432_b0160","series-title":"The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait","author":"Winter","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929019306797?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929019306797?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T01:23:57Z","timestamp":1758245037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929019306797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0021929019306797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biomechanical effects of passive hip springs during walking","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109432","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109432"}}