{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T19:15:25Z","timestamp":1773602125717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T11:18:44Z","timestamp":1573557524000},"page":"109502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A modular impact diverting mechanism for football helmets"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Abram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Wikarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Golnaraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. Gary","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580309879","article-title":"A new laboratory rig for evaluating helmets subject to oblique impacts","volume":"4","author":"Aare","year":"2003","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0010","unstructured":"COST 327, 2001. Motorcycle Safety Helmet, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_bib226","article-title":"Motorcycle Helmet Impact Response at Various Levels of Severity for Different Standard Certifications.","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ON BIOMECHANICS OF INJURY"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0015","first-page":"176","article-title":"Head acceleration measurement techniques: reliability of angular rate sensor data in helmeted impact testing","volume":"232","author":"Cobb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Eng. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.6.549","article-title":"Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players","volume":"45","author":"Crisco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Athletic Train."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0530-7","article-title":"Head impact exposure in youth football","volume":"40","author":"Daniel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2014.937804","article-title":"Factors influencing the oblique impact test of motorcycle helmets","volume":"16","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580802272427","article-title":"The influence of reduced friction on head injury metrics in helmeted head impacts","volume":"9","author":"Finan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadd, C., 1966. Use of a Weighted-Impulse Criterion for Estimating Injury Hazard. SAE Technical Paper 660793.","DOI":"10.4271\/660793"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0055","unstructured":"Golnaraghi, F., Wang, G., Ebrahimi, I. & Jelveh, C., 2012. Impact diverting mechanism. USA, Patent No. US20140189945 A1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/872197","article-title":"Directional dependence of axonal brain injury due to centroidal and non-centroidal acceleration","author":"Gennarelli","year":"1987","journal-title":"SAE Tech Paper 872197"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196609000-00005","article-title":"Tolerance curves of acceleration and intracranial pressure and protective index in experimental head injury","volume":"6","author":"Gurdjian","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0065","unstructured":"Halldin, P., 2011. Helmet. USA, Patent No. US20130042397 A1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0070","first-page":"17","article-title":"A study of the response of the human cadaver head to impact","volume":"51","author":"Hardy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0075","series-title":"Engineering Mechanics - Dynamics","author":"Hibbeler","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.35.339","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of acute subdural hematoma resulting from judo","volume":"35","author":"Hitosugi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)87453-X","article-title":"Mechanics of head injuries","volume":"242","author":"Holbourn","year":"1943","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-014-0562-z","article-title":"Head impact accelerations for brain strain-related responses in contact sports: a model-based investigation","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0095","first-page":"11","article-title":"Simulation, fabrication, and impact testing of a novel football helmet padding system that decreases rotational acceleration","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0414-2","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury predictors based on angular accelerations during impacts","volume":"40","author":"Kimpara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0105","first-page":"81","article-title":"Predictors for traumatic brain injuries eveluated through accident reconstructions","volume":"51","author":"Kleiven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2013.00015","article-title":"Why most traumatic brain injuries are not caused by linear acceleration but skull fractures are","volume":"1","author":"Kleiven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200609000-00001","article-title":"The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview","volume":"21","author":"Langlois","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90231-O","article-title":"A proposed tolerrance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man","volume":"25","author":"Margulies","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0125","series-title":"Handbook of human tolerance. Tokyo: Japan Automobile Research Institute Inc.","first-page":"143","article-title":"Properties of human tissues and components: nervous tissues","author":"McElhaney","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0130","series-title":"Presented at the 2004 ATB Users' Conference. Salt Lake City, UT","article-title":"Head injury criterion and the ATB","author":"McHenry","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503","article-title":"Chronic traumatic enchephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury","volume":"68","author":"McKee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0140","unstructured":"NOCSAE, 2017. Standard Test Method and Equipment Used in Evaluating The perforrmance Characteristics of Headgear\/Equipment, NOCSAE DOC (ND) 001-17m17b."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0145","unstructured":"NOCSAE, 2017. Standard Performance Specification for Newly Manufactured Football Helmets, NOCSAE DOC (ND) 002-17m17a."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1973.39.2.0152","article-title":"Head injury in chimpanzee part 1: biodynamics of traumatic unconsciousness","volume":"39","author":"Ommaya","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(71)90011-X","article-title":"Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates","volume":"4","author":"Ommaya","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00111-6","article-title":"Reconstruction of real world head injury accidents resulting from falls using multibody dynamics","volume":"18","author":"O'Riodain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/912911","article-title":"Technical demands on safety in the design of crash helmets for biomechanical analysis of real accident situations","author":"Otte","year":"1991","journal-title":"SAE Tech Paper 912911"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3423640","article-title":"Measurement of angular acceleration of a rigid body using linear accelerometers","volume":"42","author":"Padgaonkar","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000196265.35238.7C","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: helmet testing to assess impact performance - part 11","volume":"58","author":"Pellman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0190","unstructured":"Phillips, K. D., 1997. Protective Headgear and Protective Armour and a Method of Modifying Protective Headgear and Protective Armour. EU, Patent No. EP0790787 B1."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000093499.20604.21","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts - part 2","volume":"53","author":"Pellman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000083559.68424.3F","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries - part 1","volume":"53","author":"Pellman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0195","series-title":"SAE Government Industry Meeting and Exposition. Washington, DC","article-title":"The position of the United States delegation to the ISO working group 6 on the use of HIC in the automotive environment","author":"Prasad","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0392-4","article-title":"Rotational head kinematics in football impacts: an injury risk function for concussion","volume":"40","author":"Rowson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0731-0","article-title":"Brain injury prediction: assessing the combined probability of concussion using linear and rotational head acceleration","volume":"41","author":"Rowson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39953-1","article-title":"The traumatic brain injury mitigation effects of a new viscoelastic add-on liner","author":"Siegkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0215","first-page":"S460","article-title":"Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"3","author":"Stern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Acad. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0220","first-page":"243","article-title":"Development of brain injury criteria (Br IC)","volume":"57","author":"Takhounts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502_b0225","first-page":"226","article-title":"A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929019307560?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929019307560?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T01:25:54Z","timestamp":1758245154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929019307560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0021929019307560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A modular impact diverting mechanism for football helmets","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109502","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109502"}}