{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:41:24Z","timestamp":1790174484619,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]],"date-time":"2020-06-21T17:36:37Z","timestamp":1592760997000},"page":"109908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Characterizing forearm muscle activity in young adults during dynamic wrist flexion\u2013extension movement using a wrist robot"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Davis A.","family":"Forman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrick N.","family":"Forman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin J.","family":"Avila-Mireles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Mugnosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Zenzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.R.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(87)90006-8","article-title":"Further studies of postural load and musculo-skeletal injuries of workers at an electro-mechanical assembly plant","volume":"18","author":"Aar\u00e5s","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.1998.11076388","article-title":"Evaluation of grip force using electromyograms in isometric isotonic conditions","volume":"4","author":"Claudon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.5579","article-title":"Muscle force production and functional performance in spastic cerebral palsy: Relationship of cocontraction","volume":"81","author":"Damiano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20371","article-title":"Firing rates of motor units during strong dynamic contractions","volume":"32","author":"Del Valle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901024","article-title":"OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement","volume":"54","author":"Delp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00029-2","article-title":"Maximumisometric moments generated by the wrist muscles in flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation","volume":"29","author":"Delp","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00002.2013","article-title":"Insights into the neural control of eccentric contractions","volume":"116","author":"Duchateau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(94)00003-H","article-title":"Evaluation of handgrip force from EMG measurements","volume":"26","author":"Duque","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1958.sp006101","article-title":"Integrative pattern of Ia synaptic actions on motoneurones of hip and knee muscles","volume":"144","author":"Eccles","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012413","article-title":"Enhancement of mechanical performance by stretch during tetanic contractions of vertebrate skeletal muscle fibres","volume":"281","author":"Edman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.6.2339","article-title":"Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system","volume":"81","author":"Enoka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.02.005","article-title":"The effects of upper limb posture and a sub-maximal gripping task on corticospinal excitability to muscles of the forearm","volume":"27","author":"Forman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2019.02.004","article-title":"The influence of simultaneous handgrip and wrist force on forearm muscle activity","volume":"45","author":"Forman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00015-8","article-title":"How muscle architecture and moment arms affect wrist flexion-extension moments","volume":"30","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(96)00033-6","article-title":"Forearm muscular load and wrist angle among automobile assembly line workers in relation to symptoms","volume":"28","author":"H\u00e4gg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00069.2013","article-title":"Mechanisms of enhanced force production in lengthening (eccentric) muscle contractions","volume":"116","author":"Herzog","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2014.976811","article-title":"Neuromechanical control of the forearm muscles during gripping with sudden flexion and extension wrist perturbations","volume":"18","author":"Holmes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-3320-7","article-title":"A model of the upper extremity for simulating musculoskeletal surgery and analyzing neuromuscular control","volume":"33","author":"Holzbaur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-4174(18)30128-8","article-title":"Muscle structure and theories of contraction","volume":"7","author":"Huxley","year":"1957","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153183","article-title":"Perspectives and challenges in robotic neurorehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Iandolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(91)90079-W","article-title":"The influence of wrist position on different types of pinch strength","volume":"22","author":"Imrhan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0110","first-page":"417","article-title":"Kinesiology: with special reference to electromyographic kinesiology","author":"Jonsson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(95)00105-0","article-title":"The effect of upper-extremity posture on maximum grip strength","volume":"18","author":"Kattel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1939.sp003756","article-title":"The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction","volume":"96","author":"Katz","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199811000-00010","article-title":"Muscle activation differences between eccentric and concentric isokinetic exercise","volume":"30","author":"Kellis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2014.12.012","article-title":"The interacting effects of forearm rotation and exertion direction on male and female wrist strength","volume":"45","author":"La Delfa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-44","article-title":"Performance adaptive training control strategy for recovering wrist movements in stroke patients: a preliminary, feasibility study","volume":"6","author":"Masia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013031000107595","article-title":"The effects of posture on forearm muscle loading during gripping","volume":"46","author":"Mogk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.117986","article-title":"Specific modulation of motor unit discharge for a similar change in fascicle length during shortening and lengthening contractions in humans: Motor unit behaviour during fascicle length change","volume":"577","author":"Pasquet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0150","series-title":"Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: the limbs and trunk","author":"Perotto","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198710000-00016","article-title":"Provocation of epicondylalgia lateralis (tennis elbow) by power grip or pinching","volume":"19","author":"Snijders","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253623","article-title":"Differences in the activation of m. biceps brachii in the control of slow isotonic movements and isometric contractions","volume":"76","author":"Tax","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-015-0110-9","article-title":"Measurement of wrist flexion and extension torques in different forearm positions","volume":"14","author":"Yoshii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. OnLine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929020303316?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929020303316?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T01:26:57Z","timestamp":1758245217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929020303316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0021929020303316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characterizing forearm muscle activity in young adults during dynamic wrist flexion\u2013extension movement using a wrist robot","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109908","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109908"}}