{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:07:00Z","timestamp":1791619620982,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013956","name":"Aard- en Levenswetenschappen, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["864-10- 011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864-10- 011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T17:05:09Z","timestamp":1772125509000},"page":"113232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Joint angle and muscle length manipulation reveal regional uniformity of sarcomere lengths in the passive rat medial gastrocnemius"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"200","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Geusebroek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Tijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Noort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Houdijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"van Die\u00ebn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huub","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13539","article-title":"Regional variation in lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle fibre lengths obtained from diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"240","author":"Aeles","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709212105","article-title":"Variable gearing in pennate muscles","volume":"105","author":"Azizi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00976.2016","article-title":"How does passive lengthening change the architecture of the human medial gastrocnemius muscle?","volume":"122","author":"Bolsterlee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caiozzo, V. J., Utkan, A., Chou, ; Richard, Khalafi, A., Chandra, H., Baker, M., Rourke, B., Adams, G., Baldwin, K., & Green, S. (2002). Effects of Distraction on Muscle Length: Mechanisms Involved in Sarcomerogenesis. CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS AND RELATED RESEARCH Number 403S, 133\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.blo.0000031971.69509.b3.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200210001-00016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880090711","article-title":"Motor endplate position of rat gastrocnemius muscle","volume":"9","author":"Dekhuijzen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.12.003","article-title":"Effects of repeated ankle stretching on calf muscle-tendon and ankle biomechanical properties in stroke survivors","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geusebroek, G., Buczny, J., Houdijk, H., Ziesemer, K. A., Maas, H., & van Die\u00ebn, J. H. (2025). Constant-Torque Stretching in Ankle Contractures Results in Greater Changes in Range of Motion Than Constant-Angle or Dynamic Stretching: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. In Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. W.B. Saunders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.12.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.12.004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111594","article-title":"Constant force muscle stretching induces greater acute deformations and changes in passive mechanical properties compared to constant length stretching","volume":"154","author":"Geusebroek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0045","author":"G\u00f6r\u00f6g","year":"2025","journal-title":"A Myofilament Lattice Model of Drosophila Flight Muscle Sarcomeres Based on Multiscale Morphometric Analysis during Development."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236145","article-title":"Effects of arrested cerebellar development on locomotion in the rat","volume":"40","author":"Gruner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00673.2018","article-title":"Passive changes in muscle length","volume":"126","author":"Herbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.279166","article-title":"Changes in the length and three-dimensional orientation of muscle fascicles and aponeuroses with passive length changes in human gastrocnemius muscles","volume":"593","author":"Herbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091334","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurements of fascicle length overestimate adaptations in serial sarcomere number","volume":"108","author":"Hinks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"issue":"MAR","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0070","article-title":"Passive muscle-tendon unit gearing is joint dependent in human medial gastrocnemius","volume":"7","author":"Hodson-Tole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.05.002","article-title":"The mechanical properties of fresh versus fresh\/frozen and preserved (Thiel and Formalin) long head of biceps tendons: a cadaveric investigation","volume":"221","author":"Hohmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000146047","article-title":"Architecture of the Human Gastrocnemius Muscle and some Functional Consequences","volume":"123","author":"Huijing","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huijing, P. A. (1995). Parameter interdependence and success of skeletal muscle modelling. In Human Movement Science (Vol. 14).","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(95)00024-8"},{"issue":"JULY","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0090","article-title":"Resistance training combined with stretching increases tendon stiffness and is more effective than stretching alone in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Kalkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.2015.1470","article-title":"Shrinkage of nasal mucosa and cartilage during formalin fixation","volume":"34","author":"Kansu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Balkan Med. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100265","article-title":"Effectiveness of stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures in people with neurological conditions: a systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Katalinic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.10.035","article-title":"Muscle fascicle and series elastic element length changes along the length of the human gastrocnemius during walking and running","volume":"40","author":"Lichtwark","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00631.2018","article-title":"Significance of epimuscular myofascial force transmission under passive muscle conditions","volume":"126","author":"Maas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00055-0","article-title":"Intermuscular interaction via myofascial force transmission: effects of tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus length on force transmission from rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. In","volume":"34","author":"Maas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00448","article-title":"Sarcomere Lengths become more Uniform over Time in Intact Muscle-Tendon Unit during Isometric Contractions","volume":"11","author":"Moo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.742260","article-title":"Effect of stretching of Spastic Elbow under Intelligent Control in Chronic Stroke Survivors\u2014A pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.541302","article-title":"Remodeling of Rat M. Gastrocnemius Medialis during Recovery from Aponeurotomy","volume":"11","author":"Rivares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Nature Methods (vol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13750","article-title":"Three-dimensional architecture of human medial gastrocnemius fascicles in vivo: Regional variation and its dependence on muscle size","volume":"241","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003229","article-title":"Coronal As well As Sagittal Fascicle Dynamics can Bring about a Gearing effect in Muscle Elongation by Passive Lengthening","volume":"55","author":"Takahashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.10.001","article-title":"Does acute passive stretching increase muscle length in children with cerebral palsy?","volume":"28","author":"Theis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111595","article-title":"Three-dimensional ankle moments and nonlinear summation of rat triceps surae muscles","volume":"9","author":"Tijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12608","article-title":"Effects of epimuscular myofascial force transmission on sarcomere length of passive muscles in the rat hindlimb","volume":"3","author":"Tijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00599518","article-title":"Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology Heterogeneity of mean sarcomere length in different fibres: effects on length range of active force production in rat muscle. In","volume":"68","author":"Willems","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, M. (Mary), Pai, D. K., Tresch, M. C., & Sandercock, T. G. (2012). Passive elastic properties of the rat ankle. Journal of Biomechanics, 45(9), 1728\u20131732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.03.017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.03.017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052180206","article-title":"Changes in geometry of activily shortening unipennate rat gastrocnemius muscle","volume":"218","author":"Zuurbier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Morphol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929026000874?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021929026000874?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:38:51Z","timestamp":1777433931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021929026000874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0021929026000874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9290","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Joint angle and muscle length manipulation reveal regional uniformity of sarcomere lengths in the passive rat medial gastrocnemius","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomechanics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2026.113232","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113232"}}