{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T06:49:05Z","timestamp":1793774945221,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,5]],"date-time":"2015-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":583,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Bone Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T11:51:21Z","timestamp":1366285881000},"page":"59-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Myeloma bone disease: Pathophysiology and management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Silbermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. David","family":"Roodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030831","article-title":"Mechanisms of bone metastasis","volume":"350","author":"Roodman","year":"2004","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.62","article-title":"Prognostic variables for survival and skeletal complications in patients with multiple myeloma osteolytic bone disease","volume":"24","author":"Terpos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia: Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041131","article-title":"Fracture risk with multiple myeloma: a population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Melton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22991","article-title":"Pathologic fractures correlate with reduced survival in patients with malignant bone disease","volume":"110","author":"Saad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.1042920.x","article-title":"Biochemical, histomorphometric and densitometric changes in patients with multiple myeloma: effects of glucocorticoid therapy and disease activity","volume":"97","author":"Diamond","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib6","series-title":"Treatment of multiple myeloma and related disorders","first-page":"64","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of myeloma bone disease","author":"Roodman","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1982.tb01976.x","article-title":"Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of skeletal involvement and metastatic calcification in multiple myeloma","volume":"211","author":"Nilsson-Ehle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-026112","article-title":"Multiple myeloma bone disease: pathophysiology of osteoblast inhibition","volume":"108","author":"Giuliani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.2.593","article-title":"Long-term pamidronate treatment of advanced multiple myeloma patients reduces skeletal events. Myeloma aredia study group","volume":"16","author":"Berenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4065\/78.1.21","article-title":"Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"78","author":"Kyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib11","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics","volume":"62","author":"Siegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"CA: Cancer Journal for Clinicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib12","unstructured":"Howlader N, Noone A, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975\u20132008 National Cancer Institute; 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roodman G. In: GAM, MEA, B LJ, editors. Skeletal imaging and management of bone disease. American Society of Hematology Educational Program Hematology; 2008:313\u20139. 10.1182\/asheducation-2008.1.313","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2008.1.313"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2009.89","article-title":"International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia: Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(25)00115-6","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: review of 869 cases","volume":"50","author":"Kyle","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197509)36:3<842::AID-CNCR2820360303>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival","volume":"36","author":"Durie","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1992.tb00046.x","article-title":"Abnormal bone remodelling in patients with myelomatosis and normal biochemical indices of bone resorption","volume":"49","author":"Taube","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1982.tb03936.x","article-title":"Quantitative histology of myeloma-induced bone changes","volume":"52","author":"Valentin-Opran","year":"1982","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199809059252","article-title":"Biologic and therapeutic determinants of bone mineral density in multiple myeloma","volume":"32","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Leukemia and Lymphoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6529","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-351437","article-title":"Bone microstructural changes revealed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography imaging and elevated DKK1 and MIP-1alpha levels in patients with MGUS","volume":"118","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-211920","article-title":"Dominant role of CD47-thrombospondin-1 interactions in myeloma-induced fusion of human dendritic cells: implications for bone disease","volume":"114","author":"Kukreja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-246660","article-title":"Elevated IL-17 produced by TH17 cells promotes myeloma cell growth and inhibits immune function in multiple myeloma","volume":"115","author":"Prabhala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22403","article-title":"Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease","volume":"109","author":"Roodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-05-220285","article-title":"Macrophages are an abundant component of myeloma microenvironment and protect myeloma cells from chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis","volume":"114","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2007.08.007","article-title":"The role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the pathophysiology of myeloma and its significance in the development of more effective therapies","volume":"21","author":"Mitsiades","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-09-0445","article-title":"Osteoclast-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 directly affects angiogenesis in the prostate tumor-bone microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Bruni-Cardoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular Cancer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-08-237628","article-title":"Osteoclasts are important for bone angiogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Cackowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31581","article-title":"The hypoxia-inducible factor alpha pathway couples angiogenesis to osteogenesis during skeletal development","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21352","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111663200","article-title":"Proteolysis of latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta )-binding protein-1 by osteoclasts. A cellular mechanism for release of TGF-beta from bone matrix","volume":"277","author":"Dallas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11581","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201394498","article-title":"Multiple myeloma disrupts the TRANCE\/ osteoprotegerin cytokine axis to trigger bone destruction and promote tumor progression","volume":"98","author":"Pearse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110177","article-title":"Observations on the mechanism of bone resorption induced by multiple myeloma marrow culture fluids and partially purified osteoclast-activating factor","volume":"67","author":"Josse","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0220","article-title":"A crosstalk between myeloma cells and marrow stromal cells stimulates production of DKK1 and interleukin-6: a potential role in the development of lytic bone disease and tumor progression in multiple myeloma","volume":"24","author":"Gunn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2004.03.015","article-title":"New insight in the mechanism of osteoclast activation and formation in multiple myeloma: focus on the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)","volume":"32","author":"Giuliani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Experimental Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.2.671.014k24_671_675","article-title":"Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha is a potential osteoclast stimulatory factor in multiple myeloma","volume":"96","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-06-1992","article-title":"IL-3 expression by myeloma cells increases both osteoclast formation and growth of myeloma cells","volume":"103","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0236","article-title":"Anti-alpha4 integrin antibody suppresses the development of multiple myeloma and associated osteoclastic osteolysis","volume":"104","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.01.027","article-title":"The pathogenesis of the bone disease of multiple myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-7754(01)90033-8","article-title":"Novel therapies targeting the myeloma cell and its bone marrow microenvironment","volume":"28","author":"Hideshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seminars in Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'Souza S, Kurihara N, Shiozawa Y, Joseph J, Taichman R, Galson DL, et al. Annexin II interactions with the annexin II receptor enhance multiple myeloma cell adhesion and growth in the bone marrow microenvironment. Blood. 2012;119(8):1888\u201396.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-393348"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3839","article-title":"Osteoclasts enhance myeloma cell growth and survival via cell\u2013cell contact: a vicious cycle between bone destruction and myeloma expansion","volume":"104","author":"Abe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.05976.x","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is upregulated in myelomatous bone and supports myeloma cell survival","volume":"133","author":"Ge","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404228","article-title":"BAFF and APRIL as osteoclast-derived survival factors for myeloma cells: a rationale for TACI-Fc treatment in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Abe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia: Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3540","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand","volume":"96","author":"Hsu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9788","article-title":"RANK is the essential signaling receptor for osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis","volume":"253","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01658","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"423","author":"Boyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3597","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin\/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE\/RANKL","volume":"95","author":"Yasuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1390152","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin and its cognate ligand: a new paradigm of osteoclastogenesis","volume":"139","author":"Hofbauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-132134","article-title":"Myeloma-derived Dickkopf-1 disrupts Wnt-regulated osteoprotegerin and RANKL production by osteoblasts: a potential mechanism underlying osteolytic bone lesions in multiple myeloma","volume":"112","author":"Qiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204623","article-title":"The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathophysiology of human multiple myeloma: therapeutic applications","volume":"20","author":"Hideshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00323.x","article-title":"The role of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in Paget's disease and multiple myeloma","volume":"208","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v19.i1.30","article-title":"Action of RANKL and OPG for osteoclastogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0380","article-title":"Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand\u2013osteoprotegerin ratio predicts survival in multiple myeloma: proposal for a novel prognostic index","volume":"102","author":"Terpos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03257.x","article-title":"Myeloma interacts with the bone marrow microenvironment to induce osteoclastogenesis and is dependent on osteoclast activity","volume":"116","author":"Yaccoby","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.13.3534","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin inhibits the development of osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma","volume":"98","author":"Croucher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2007.0074","article-title":"Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha suppresses TAZ expression and impairs osteogenic potential of Flk-1+ mesenchymal stem cells in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.12.025","article-title":"The role of the bone microenvironment in the pathophysiology and therapeutic management of multiple myeloma: interplay of growth factors, their receptors and stromal interactions","volume":"42","author":"Mitsiades","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib57","first-page":"4242","article-title":"Production of interleukin 1 beta, a potent bone resorbing cytokine, by cultured human myeloma cells","volume":"49","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11176","article-title":"TNF-alpha induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand","volume":"106","author":"Lam","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.06.016","article-title":"Osteoblast function in myeloma","volume":"48","author":"Roodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.43","article-title":"A novel role for CCL3 (MIP-1alpha) in myeloma-induced bone disease via osteocalcin downregulation and inhibition of osteoblast function","volume":"25","author":"Vallet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leukemia: Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.6.2195","article-title":"Role for macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma","volume":"100","author":"Abe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113116","article-title":"Antisense inhibition of macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha blocks bone destruction in a model of myeloma bone disease","volume":"108","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-12-3905","article-title":"Dual effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha on osteolysis and tumor burden in the murine 5TGM1 model of myeloma bone disease","volume":"102","author":"Oyajobi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.11.3349","article-title":"Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha is an osteoclastogenic factor in myeloma that is independent of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand","volume":"97","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-08-2383","article-title":"Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1 alpha ) triggers migration and signaling cascades mediating survival and proliferation in multiple myeloma (MM) cells","volume":"101","author":"Lentzsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-11-3385","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma reveals molecular portraits in relation to the pathogenesis of the disease","volume":"101","author":"Magrangeas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-017087","article-title":"MIP-1alpha (CCL3) is a downstream target of FGFR3 and RAS-MAPK signaling in multiple myeloma","volume":"108","author":"Masih-Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.4.1495.bloodjournal8741495","article-title":"Development of an in vivo model of human multiple myeloma bone disease","volume":"87","author":"Alsina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-006-9038-6","article-title":"Role of CCR1 and CCR5 in homing and growth of multiple myeloma and in the development of osteolytic lesions: a study in the 5TMM model","volume":"23","author":"Menu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Metastasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-05-093294","article-title":"MLN3897, a novel CCR1 inhibitor, impairs osteoclastogenesis and inhibits the interaction of multiple myeloma cells and osteoclasts","volume":"110","author":"Vallet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.2174\/156802610791561237","article-title":"CCR1 antagonists: what have we learned from clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Gladue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silbermann R, Bolzoni M, Storti P, Palma BD, Bonomini S, Anderson J, et al. Bone marrow monocyte\/macrophage derived activin a mediates the osteoclastogenic effects of IL-3 in myeloma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2011;118:3933.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V118.21.3933.3933"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2075","article-title":"Activin A is an essential cofactor for osteoclast induction","volume":"268","author":"Fuller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911929107","article-title":"Activin A promotes multiple myeloma-induced osteolysis and is a promising target for myeloma bone disease","volume":"107","author":"Vallet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terpos E, Christoulas D, Kastritis E, Gkotzamanidou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E., et al. Elevated levels of circulating activin-A correlate with features of advanced disease, extensive bone involvement and inferior survival in patients with multiple myeloma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2010;116:2967.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V116.21.2967.2967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1080","article-title":"IL-3 is a potential inhibitor of osteoblast differentiation in multiple myeloma","volume":"106","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.142","article-title":"Inhibiting activin-A signaling stimulates bone formation and prevents cancer-induced bone destruction in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Chantry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of bone and mineral research: the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081208","article-title":"Single-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of ACE-011 (ActRIIA-IgG1) in postmenopausal women","volume":"24","author":"Ruckle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21835","article-title":"Annexin II\/Annexin II receptor axis regulates adhesion, migration, homing, and growth of prostate cancer","volume":"370","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0008","article-title":"A molecular compendium of genes expressed in multiple myeloma","volume":"100","author":"Claudio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-009-0356-8","article-title":"Overexpression of Annexin II affects the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and production of proangiogenic factors in multiple myeloma","volume":"90","author":"Bao","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.05.012","article-title":"Bidirectional ephrinB2-EphB4 signaling controls bone homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-01-201954","article-title":"The ephrinB2\/EphB4 axis is dysregulated in osteoprogenitors from myeloma patients and its activation affects myeloma bone disease and tumor growth","volume":"114","author":"Pennisi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2006.02.026","article-title":"Normalizing the bone marrow microenvironment with p38 inhibitor reduces multiple myeloma cell proliferation and adhesion and suppresses osteoclast formation","volume":"312","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental Cell Research,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981a","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V108.11.3436.3436","article-title":"Inhibition of p38\u03b1 MAPK reduces tumor burden, prevents the development of myeloma bone disease, and increases survival in the 5T2 and5T33 murine models of myeloma.","volume":"108","author":"Vanderkerken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2340","article-title":"Involvement of Notch-1 signaling in bone marrow stroma-mediated de novo drug resistance of myeloma and other malignant lymphoid cell lines","volume":"103","author":"Nefedova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07217.x","article-title":"HSP70 inhibition reverses cell adhesion mediated and acquired drug resistance in multiple myeloma","volume":"142","author":"Nimmanapalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2258","article-title":"Myeloma cell-osteoclast interaction enhances angiogenesis together with bone resorption: a role for vascular endothelial cell growth factor and osteopontin","volume":"13","author":"Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.12.1909","article-title":"Mechanisms of bone destruction in multiple myeloma: the importance of an unbalanced process in determining the severity of lytic bone disease","volume":"7","author":"Bataille","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib90","first-page":"192","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of osteoblasts and increased bone formation on myeloma in novel culture systems and a myelomatous mouse model","volume":"91","author":"Yaccoby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-077685","article-title":"Increasing Wnt signaling in the bone marrow microenvironment inhibits the development of myeloma bone disease and reduces tumor burden in bone in vivo","volume":"111","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1343","article-title":"Minireview: transcriptional regulation in development of bone","volume":"146","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-12-4986","article-title":"Myeloma cells block RUNX2\/CBFA1 activity in human bone marrow osteoblast progenitors and inhibit osteoblast formation and differentiation","volume":"106","author":"Giuliani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-124164","article-title":"Role of decorin in the antimyeloma effects of osteoblasts","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.06.044","article-title":"Wnt signaling in osteoblasts and bone diseases","volume":"341","author":"Westendorf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-12-4940","article-title":"Myeloma cells suppress bone formation by secreting a soluble Wnt inhibitor, sFRP-2","volume":"106","author":"Oshima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33132","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500608200","article-title":"Canonical WNT signaling promotes osteogenesis by directly stimulating Runx2 gene expression","volume":"280","author":"Gaur","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1647","article-title":"A histone lysine methyltransferase activated by non-canonical Wnt signalling suppresses PPAR-gamma transactivation","volume":"9","author":"Takada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2009.04.004","article-title":"Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in multiple myeloma: identification of potential therapeutic targets","volume":"37","author":"Giuliani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Experimental Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030847","article-title":"The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma","volume":"349","author":"Tian","year":"2003","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2008.01065.x","article-title":"Serum concentrations of DKK-1 correlate with the extent of bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"80","author":"Kaiser","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-11-191577","article-title":"Anti-DKK1 mAb (BHQ880) as a potential therapeutic agent for multiple myeloma","volume":"114","author":"Fulciniti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2005.02.017","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signaling in differentiated osteoblasts controls osteoclast differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02883","article-title":"Wnt signalling in osteoblasts regulates expression of the receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro","volume":"119","author":"Spencer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06196.x","article-title":"Sclerostin is overexpressed by plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients","volume":"1237","author":"Brunetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-011-0089-5","article-title":"Sclerostin: therapeutic horizons based upon its actions","volume":"10","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Osteoporosis Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27342","article-title":"Elevated circulating sclerostin correlates with advanced disease features and abnormal bone remodeling in symptomatic myeloma: reduction post-bortezomib monotherapy","volume":"131","author":"Terpos","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer Journal International du Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.381","article-title":"Increased osteocyte death in multiple myeloma patients: role in myeloma-induced osteoclast formation","volume":"26","author":"Giuliani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia: Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-034884","article-title":"HGF inhibits BMP-induced osteoblastogenesis: possible implications for the bone disease of multiple myeloma","volume":"109","author":"Standal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009870","article-title":"Tgf-Beta inhibition restores terminal osteoblast differentiation to suppress myeloma growth","volume":"5","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.10.011","article-title":"Critical molecular switches involved in BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells","volume":"366","author":"Ryoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V116.21.2967.2967","article-title":"Elevated levels of circulating activin-a correlate with features of advanced disease, extensive bone involvement and inferior survival in patients with multiple myeloma","author":"Terpos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1121","article-title":"Human myeloma cells stimulate the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in T lymphocytes: a potential role in multiple myeloma bone disease","volume":"100","author":"Giuliani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190701648281","article-title":"Myeloma cells and bone marrow osteoblast interactions: role in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma","volume":"48","author":"Giuliani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia and Lymphoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'Souza S, Jin S, Sammut B, Velu CS, Yu S, Xiao G., et al. Multiple myeloma cell induction of GFI-1 in stromal cells suppresses osteoblast differentiaion in patients with myeloma. 32nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Bone and Mineral. Toronto, Canada; 2010. p. 742A.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V114.22.742.742"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6871","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-346775","article-title":"Gfi1 expressed in bone marrow stromal cells is a novel osteoblast suppressor in patients with multiple myeloma bone disease","volume":"118","author":"D'Souza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535155","article-title":"The zinc finger protein Gfi1 acts upstream of TNF to attenuate endotoxin-mediated inflammatory responses in the lung","volume":"36","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5872","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-330407","article-title":"Host-derived adiponectin is tumor-suppressive and a novel therapeutic target for multiple myeloma and the associated bone disease","volume":"118","author":"Fowler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00567.x","article-title":"A randomized trial of the effect of clodronate on skeletal morbidity in multiple myeloma. MRC Working Party on Leukaemia in Adults","volume":"100","author":"McCloskey","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62051-X","article-title":"First-line treatment with zoledronic acid as compared with clodronic acid in multiple myeloma (MRC Myeloma IX): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2400892","article-title":"In vitro cytoreductive effects on multiple myeloma cells induced by bisphosphonates","volume":"12","author":"Aparicio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2005.00427.x","article-title":"The bisphosphonate zoledronic acid inhibits the development of plasmacytoma induced in BALB\/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of pristane","volume":"74","author":"Avcu","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib123","first-page":"377","article-title":"Zoledronic acid versus pamidronate in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer or osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma: a phase III, double-blind, comparative trial","volume":"7","author":"Rosen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.1269","article-title":"American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 clinical practice guideline update on the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma.","volume":"25","author":"Kyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn796","article-title":"The use of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma: recommendations of an expert panel on behalf of the European Myeloma Network","volume":"20","author":"Terpos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology\/ESMO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-392522","article-title":"Effects of induction and maintenance plus long-term bisphosphonates on bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma: the Medical Research Council Myeloma IX Trial","volume":"119","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-10-435750","article-title":"Optimal use of bisphosphonates in patients with multiple myeloma","author":"Terpos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08207.x","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a consensus statement","volume":"150","author":"Berenson","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2010.11.001","article-title":"Bone disease from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma: pathogenesis, interventions, and future opportunities","volume":"48","author":"Minter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seminars in Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32819f820b","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to the use of bisphosphonates","author":"Van den Wyngaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.0707onj","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research","volume":"22","author":"Khosla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030a","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V110.11.3519.3519","article-title":"Long-Term follow-up of multiple myeloma (MM) patients (pts) with osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ)","volume":"110","author":"Badros","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.11.008","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis: the UAMS experience","volume":"136","author":"Clarke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.2465","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaw in multiple myeloma patients: clinical features and risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Badros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2036","article-title":"Possible association between diabetes and bisphosphonate-related jaw osteonecrosis","volume":"92","author":"Khamaisi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.19.2146","article-title":"Randomized phase II trial of denosumab in patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer, breast cancer, or other neoplasms after intravenous bisphosphonates","volume":"27","author":"Fizazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1933","article-title":"A study of the biological receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand inhibitor, denosumab, in patients with multiple myeloma or bone metastases from breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Body","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809003","article-title":"Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"361","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809493","article-title":"Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"361","author":"Cummings","year":"2009","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.16.3832","article-title":"Randomized trial of denosumab in patients receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for nonmetastatic breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.3304","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma","volume":"29","author":"Henry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e328349731c","article-title":"Denosumab: benefits of RANK ligand inhibition in cancer patients","volume":"5","author":"Lipton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib143","unstructured":"Limited AM. XGEVA US Prescribing Information. Thousand Oaks, CA; 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06356.x","article-title":"Bortezomib reduces serum dickkopf-1 and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand concentrations and normalises indices of bone remodelling in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma","volume":"135","author":"Terpos","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-059188","article-title":"The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib affects osteoblast differentiation in vitro and in vivo in multiple myeloma patients","volume":"110","author":"Giuliani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05733.x","article-title":"Response to bortezomib is associated to osteoblastic activation in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"131","author":"Zangari","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.031302","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of the biochemical, metabolic, hormonal and structural bone changes associated with bortezomib response in multiple myeloma patients","volume":"96","author":"Zangari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2010.01485.x","article-title":"First-line treatment with bortezomib rapidly stimulates both osteoblast activity and bone matrix deposition in patients with multiple myeloma, and stimulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Lund","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2006.04.004","article-title":"Thalidomide and lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-08-3450","article-title":"Thalidomide derivative CC-4047 inhibits osteoclast formation by down-regulation of PU.1","volume":"107","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.174","article-title":"Lenalidomide inhibits osteoclastogenesis, survival factors and bone-remodeling markers in multiple myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Breitkreutz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leukemia: Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib152","first-page":"250a","article-title":"Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are involved in the anti-myeloma response of osteoblasts","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105103441904","article-title":"Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"344","author":"Neer","year":"2001","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240A","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V112.11.645.645","article-title":"Restoration of bone balance via activin a inhibition results in anti-myeloma activity","volume":"112","author":"Vallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212137413000201?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212137413000201?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T20:15:25Z","timestamp":1761941725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212137413000201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2212137413000201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-1374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-1374","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Myeloma bone disease: Pathophysiology and management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Bone Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbo.2013.04.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier GmbH. Published by Elsevier GmbH","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}