{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:53:53Z","timestamp":1770483233725,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,15]],"date-time":"2010-12-15T04:17:00Z","timestamp":1292386620000},"page":"204-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Absence of a positive bias in social anxiety: The application of a directed forgetting paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Chi-Wen","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yau","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Chien","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302300","article-title":"Implicit memory for negative and positive social information in individuals with and without social anxiety","volume":"17","author":"Amir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.4.713","article-title":"Implicit memory bias for threat-relevant information in individuals with generalized social phobia","volume":"109","author":"Amir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib3","series-title":"Anxiety disorder and phobias: A\u00a0cognitive perspective","author":"Beck","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib4","series-title":"Manual for the beck depression inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.1.153","article-title":"Explicit memory in anxiety disorders","volume":"108","author":"Becker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib6","series-title":"Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches","first-page":"103","article-title":"Varieties of goal-directed forgetting","author":"Bjork","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00169-0","article-title":"A\u00a0psychometric evaluation of the BDI-II in treatment-seeking substance abusers","volume":"20","author":"Buckley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib8","first-page":"193","article-title":"Dimensions of the Chinese beck depression inventory-II in a university sample","volume":"3","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Individual Differences Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib9","series-title":"Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment","first-page":"69","article-title":"A\u00a0cognitive model of social phobia","author":"Clark","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00051-K","article-title":"Case histories and shorter communications: memory bias does not generalize across anxiety disorders","volume":"33","author":"Cloitre","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447303300111","article-title":"Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in fixed factor ANOVA designs","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.02.003","article-title":"The validity of the brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale","volume":"19","author":"Collins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(03)00047-7","article-title":"Identity and expression memory for happy and angry faces in social anxiety","volume":"114","author":"D\u2019Argembeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00022-5","article-title":"Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety: differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals","volume":"40","author":"De Jong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00706.x","article-title":"Forgetting trauma stimuli","volume":"15","author":"De Prince","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2005.11.002","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the brief fear of negative evaluation scale","volume":"20","author":"Duke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.6.1168","article-title":"Forgetting is effortful: evidence from reaction time probes in an item-method directed forgetting task","volume":"36","author":"Fawcett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.12.007","article-title":"Fear-relevant selective associations and social anxiety: absence of a positive bias","volume":"44","author":"Garner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.11.003","article-title":"Forgetting unwanted memories: directed forgetting and thought suppression methods","volume":"127","author":"Geraerts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib20","first-page":"S259","article-title":"Assessing social phobia. The Spanish validation of the \u201cgold standard\u201d clinical scales: the LSAS and the SADS","volume":"8","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib21","series-title":"Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data","author":"Green","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.10.022","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-second edition (BDI-II) in individuals with chronic pain","volume":"137","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.113.2.247","article-title":"Automatic and effortful processing in depression","volume":"113","author":"Hartlage","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90074-5","article-title":"The validity of the social avoidance and distress scale and the fear of negative evaluation scale with social phobic patients","volume":"26","author":"Heimberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.4.705","article-title":"Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia","volume":"109","author":"Hirsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.2.274","article-title":"Processes of successful intentional forgetting","volume":"116","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.117.1.182","article-title":"Updating the contents of working memory in depression: interference from irrelevant negative material","volume":"117","author":"Joormann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.12.003","article-title":"Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Kashdan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.2.214","article-title":"Directed forgetting of emotional stimuli in borderline personality disorder","volume":"109","author":"Korfine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167283093007","article-title":"A\u00a0brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale","volume":"9","author":"Leary","year":"1983","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.7.755","article-title":"Cognitive vulnerability to social anxiety","volume":"25","author":"Ledley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib32","unstructured":"Lee, Y.-S., & Lee, H.-M., (2007). Emotionality ratings and free-association norms of 267 common two-character Chinese words. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib33","first-page":"13","article-title":"Directed forgetting affects both direct and indirect tests of\u00a0memory","volume":"15","author":"MacLeod","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib34","series-title":"Cognitive limitations in aging and psychopathology","first-page":"313","article-title":"Aging and inhibitory processes in memory, attentional and motor tasks","author":"Maylor","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.4.596","article-title":"Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"107","author":"McNally","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0554-6","article-title":"Directed forgetting in schizophrenia","volume":"255","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib37","first-page":"948","article-title":"Removing irrelevant information from working memory: a cognitive aging study with the modified Sternberg task","volume":"27","author":"Oberauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00084-1","article-title":"The directed forgetting task: application to emotionally valent material","volume":"57","author":"Power","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00022-3","article-title":"A\u00a0cognitive\u2013behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia","volume":"35","author":"Rapee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90087-6","article-title":"Memory bias in social phobia","volume":"32","author":"Rapee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302272","article-title":"Memory bias for emotional facial expressions in major depression","volume":"17","author":"Ridout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.1.62","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of attentional biases and memory biases in women with social phobia and major depression","volume":"114","author":"Rinck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.2.169","article-title":"More information from fewer questions: the factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale","volume":"16","author":"Rodebaugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/104012370902100208","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder in the West and in the East","volume":"21","author":"Stein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.3.371","article-title":"The self-reference effect in memory: a meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Symons","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib46","first-page":"5","article-title":"The effects of semantic context on the feature analyses of single Chinese characters","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.02.004","article-title":"Attentional bias away from positive social information mediates the link between social anxiety and anxiety vulnerability to a social stressor","volume":"24","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.193","article-title":"Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health","volume":"103","author":"Taylor","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00062-6","article-title":"Directed forgetting in obsessive-compulsive disorder: replication and extension","volume":"40","author":"Tolin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.02.004","article-title":"Self-memory biases in explicit and incidental encoding of trait adjectives","volume":"17","author":"Turk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465804001730","article-title":"Social anxiety and the vigilance-avoidance pattern of attentional processing","volume":"33","author":"Vassilopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070500466865","article-title":"Automatic and effortful processing of self-statements in depression","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027806","article-title":"Measurement of social evaluative anxiety","volume":"33","author":"Watson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.17.2.179","article-title":"Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the brief fear of negative evaluation scale in patients with social anxiety disorder","volume":"17","author":"Weeks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib55","series-title":"Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders","author":"Williams","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(73)80040-4","article-title":"Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal","volume":"12","author":"Woodward","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm101","article-title":"Forgetting as an active process: an fMRI investigation of item-method directed forgetting","volume":"18","author":"Wylie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002_bib58","first-page":"143","article-title":"Studies of directed forgetting in older adults","volume":"22","author":"Zacks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.09.002","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791610001138?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791610001138?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:18:29Z","timestamp":1757755109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005791610001138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0005791610001138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.09.002","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0005-7916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Absence of a positive bias in social anxiety: The application of a directed forgetting paradigm","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}