{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T18:49:11Z","timestamp":1758048551866,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Talent Grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)","award":["403-11-406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403-11-406"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T07:46:35Z","timestamp":1488527195000},"page":"32-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Approach behavior as information"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5433-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie L.","family":"van Uijen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel A.","family":"van den Hout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iris M.","family":"Engelhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00032-S","article-title":"\u201cIf I feel anxious, there must be danger\u201d: Ex-consequentia reasoning in inferring danger in anxiety disorders","volume":"33","author":"Arntz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200103000-00003","article-title":"Phobic, panic, and major depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality","volume":"189","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20026","article-title":"Anxiety and depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality: A higher-and lower-order personality trait investigation in a community sample","volume":"20","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.006","article-title":"Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach","volume":"58","author":"Craske","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib5","first-page":"35","article-title":"De DASS: Een vragenlijst voor het meten van depressie, angst en stress","volume":"34","author":"De Beurs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gedragstherapie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.01.010","article-title":"The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation","volume":"46","author":"Deacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90028-9","article-title":"Anxiety induced by false heart rate feedback in patients with panic disorder","volume":"26","author":"Ehlers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.11.004","article-title":"The Ex-consequentia reasoning fallacy and the persistence of PTSD","volume":"36","author":"Engelhard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00101-7","article-title":"Emotion-and intrusion-based reasoning in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"39","author":"Engelhard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00018-9","article-title":"A\u00a0longitudinal study of \u201cintrusion-based reasoning\u201d and posttraumatic stress disorder after exposure to a train disaster","volume":"40","author":"Engelhard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"year":"1957","series-title":"A\u00a0theory of cognitive dissonance","author":"Festinger","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib11"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/h0041593","article-title":"Cognitive consequences of forced compliance","volume":"58","author":"Festinger","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.04.005","article-title":"Behavior as information: \u201cIf I avoid, then there must be a danger\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Gangemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9476-1","article-title":"The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses","volume":"36","author":"Hofmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","article-title":"Bayes factors","volume":"90","author":"Kass","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025411425873","article-title":"Do we know what we test and do we test what we want to know?","volume":"35","author":"Klugkist","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(77)80157-3","article-title":"Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear","volume":"8","author":"Lang","year":"1977","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01321326","article-title":"Affective information processing and the assessment of anxiety","volume":"6","author":"Lang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.795482","article-title":"Reducing emotional reasoning: An experimental manipulation in individuals with fear of spiders","volume":"27","author":"Lommen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"year":"1995","series-title":"Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales","author":"Lovibond","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib21"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00148-X","article-title":"How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self","volume":"37","author":"Mansell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"year":"1982","series-title":"An introduction to rhetorical communication","author":"McCroskey","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib23"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/01463378509369595","article-title":"The content validity of the PRCA-24 as a measure of communication apprehension across communication contexts","volume":"33","author":"McCroskey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Communication Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v046.i02","article-title":"BIEMS: A fortran 90 program for calculating bayes factors for inequality and equality constrained models","volume":"46","author":"Mulder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2009.09.003","article-title":"Bayesian model selection of informative hypotheses for repeated measurements","volume":"53","author":"Mulder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.3.464","article-title":"Disgust and spider phobia","volume":"105","author":"Mulkens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(96)00022-5","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of two spider fear questionnaires","volume":"27","author":"Muris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"year":"1990","series-title":"Fear and courage","author":"Rachman","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib29"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(74)90005-9","article-title":"I.\u00a0Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance","volume":"12","author":"Rachman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300011472","article-title":"The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account","volume":"19","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behavioural Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00083-6","article-title":"Cognition-behaviour links in the persistence of panic","volume":"34","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"LimeSurvey: An open source survey tool","author":"Schmitz","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib33"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/87568220903400302","article-title":"The prevalence and comorbidity of specific phobias in college students and their interest in receiving treatment","volume":"24","author":"Seim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)00072-T","article-title":"Fear of spiders questionnaire","volume":"26","author":"Szymanski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.103.2.350","article-title":"Relationship between the five-factor model of personality and axis I disorders in a nonclinical sample","volume":"103","author":"Trull","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025239","article-title":"Effects of cognitive desensitization on avoidance behavior","volume":"7","author":"Valins","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Hout, M., Gangemi, A., Mancini, F., Engelhard, I. M., Rijkeboer, M. M., van Dam, M., et\u00a0al. (2016). Erratum to \u201cBehavior as information about threat in anxiety disorders: A comparison of patients with anxiety disorders and non-anxious controls\u201d, [Journal of Behavior, Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 489\u2013495]. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. Advance online publication. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.05.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.05.004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.07.002","article-title":"Behavior as information about threat in anxiety disorders: A comparison of patients with anxiety disorders and non-anxious controls","volume":"45","author":"Van den Hout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542","article-title":"Fear extinction and relapse: State of the art","volume":"9","author":"Vervliet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.11.005","article-title":"\u201cIf I feel disgusted, I must be getting ill\u201d: Emotional reasoning in the context of contamination fear","volume":"51","author":"Verwoerd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.1.68","article-title":"Neuroticism as a common feature of the depressive and anxiety disorders: A test of the revised integrative hierarchical model in a national sample","volume":"115","author":"Weinstock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.06.003","article-title":"Psychometric properties of internet administered versions of Penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ) and depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS)","volume":"25","author":"Zlomke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791616302853?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791616302853?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:24:10Z","timestamp":1757755450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005791616302853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0005791616302853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7916"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0005-7916"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Approach behavior as information","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.03.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}