{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1792159366765,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T02:38:04Z","timestamp":1541990284000},"page":"57-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Virtual social support buffers stress response: An experimental comparison of real-life and virtual support prior to a social stressor"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Oswald D.","family":"Kothgassner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Goreis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna X.","family":"Kafka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Atteneder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Beutl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Hennig-Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6837-674X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Hlavacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Felnhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002","article-title":"Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments","volume":"29","author":"Bailenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib2","series-title":"Handbook of psychology, personality and social psychology","first-page":"463","article-title":"Altruism and prosocial behavior","author":"Batson","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cyborg's dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments","volume":"3","author":"Biocca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-mediated Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib4","series-title":"4th annual international workshop on presence, Philadelphia, PA","first-page":"1","article-title":"The networked minds measure of social presence: Pilot test of the factor structure and concurrent validity","author":"Biocca","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib5","series-title":"Proceedings of the 4th international conference on collaborative virtual environments","first-page":"25","article-title":"A theoretical model of social influence for increasing the utility of collaborative virtual environments","author":"Blascovich","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510802204868","article-title":"Ostracism increases social susceptibility","volume":"3","author":"Carter-Sowell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Influence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.106","article-title":"Stress and disorders of the stress system","volume":"5","author":"Chrousos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611431576","article-title":"The social dimension of stress reactivity: Acute stress increases prosocial behavior in humans","volume":"23","author":"von Dawans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355","article-title":"Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research","volume":"130","author":"Dickerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00085-4","article-title":"Heart rate variability, trait anxiety, and perceived stress among physically fit men and women","volume":"37","author":"Dishman","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-139008","article-title":"Psychobiology of social support: The social dimension of stress buffering","volume":"32","author":"Ditzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.11.011","article-title":"Adult attachment and social support interact to reduce psychological but not cortisol responses to stress","volume":"64","author":"Ditzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076236","article-title":"Effects of stress and commonality of fate on helping behavior","volume":"31","author":"Dovidio","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2011.00821.x","article-title":"The relation of social support to depression in massively multiplayer online role-playing games","volume":"41","author":"Dupuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22679","article-title":"Proximal relationships between social support and PTSD symptom severity: A daily diary study of sexual assault survivors","volume":"35","author":"Dworkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.031","article-title":"Meeting others virtually in a day-to-day setting: Investigating social avoidance and prosocial behavior towards avatars and agents","volume":"80","author":"Felnhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3969.345","article-title":"Interpersonal and economic resources","volume":"171","author":"Foa","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22125","article-title":"Can social support buffer the association between depression and suicidal ideation in adolescent boys and girls?","volume":"55","author":"Fredrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3233\/ZMP-2009-18_1_08","article-title":"Fragebogen zur sozialen unterst\u00fctzung (F-SozU): Normierung der Kurzform (K-14) [Questionnaire of social support (F-SozU): Validation of a short form (K-14)]","volume":"18","author":"Fydrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Medizinische Psychologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571","article-title":"Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health","volume":"5","author":"Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1029","article-title":"A second life for eHealth: Prospects for the use of 3-D virtual worlds in clinical psychology","volume":"10","author":"Gorini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual humans and persuasion: The effects of agency and behavioral realism","volume":"10","author":"Guadagno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00465-7","article-title":"Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress","volume":"54","author":"Heinrichs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.11.016","article-title":"When Facebook is easier than face-to-face: Social support derived from Facebook in socially anxious individuals","volume":"59","author":"Indian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.12.016","article-title":"Exposure to virtual social interactions in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Kampmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030777","article-title":"Depression, comorbid anxiety disorders, and heart rate variability in physically healthy, unmedicated patients: Implications for cardiovascular risk","volume":"7","author":"Kemp","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The \u2018Trier Social Stress Test\u2019 \u2013 a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.059","article-title":"Real-life prosocial behavior decreases after being socially excluded by avatars, not agents","volume":"70","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46100-7_5","article-title":"Two experimental virtual paradigms for stress research: Developing avatar-based approaches for interpersonal and evaluative stressors","volume":"9926","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib32","first-page":"45","article-title":"Does social exclusion hurt virtually like it hurts in real-life? The role of agency and social presence in the perception and experience of social exclusion","volume":"15","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Society for Presence Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib33","first-page":"323","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy: Die zukunft klinisch-psychologischer behandlung? [Virtual reality therapy: The future of clinical-psychological treatment?","volume":"5","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychologie in \u00d6sterreich"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib34","series-title":"IMC workshop","first-page":"121","article-title":"The ghost in the machine. The influence of embodied conversational agents on user expectations and user behaviour in a TV\/VCR application","author":"Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2003.08.009","article-title":"Acute HPA axis responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day","volume":"29","author":"Kudielka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00271","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of PTSD Coach, a smartphone app for post-traumatic stress symptoms","volume":"179","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib37","first-page":"33","article-title":"The uncanny valley","volume":"7","author":"Mori","year":"1970","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153","article-title":"Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers","volume":"56","author":"Nass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib39","series-title":"A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems","first-page":"161","article-title":"Stress and mental health: A conceptual overview","author":"Pearlin","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.06.012","article-title":"\u201cIt doesn't matter what you are!\u201d Explaining social effects of agents and avatars","volume":"26","author":"von der P\u00fctten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670506295851","article-title":"When customers receive support from other customers: Exploring the influence of intercustomer social support on customer voluntary performance","volume":"9","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.02.022","article-title":"Stress-related dysfunction of the right inferior frontal cortex in high ruminators: An fNIRS study","volume":"18","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.4.845","article-title":"Social support as an individual difference variable: Its stability, origins, and relational aspects","volume":"50","author":"Sarason","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407587044007","article-title":"A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications","volume":"4","author":"Sarason","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.003","article-title":"The effects of stress and affiliation on social decision-making: Investigating the tend-and-befriend pattern","volume":"62","author":"Steinbeis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.3.411","article-title":"Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight","volume":"107","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib47","series-title":"The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion","first-page":"27","article-title":"Social exclusion increases aggression and self-defeating behavior while reducing intelligent thought and prosocial behavior","author":"Twenge","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.56","article-title":"Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior","volume":"92","author":"Twenge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327558IJBM0903_06","article-title":"Relationship quality moderates the effect of social support given by close friends on cardiovascular reactivity in women","volume":"9","author":"Uno","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.09.002","article-title":"Social support, posttraumatic cognitions, and PTSD: The influence of family, friends, and a close other in an interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma group","volume":"35","author":"Woodward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105303008001429","article-title":"Health-related support groups on the Internet: Linking empirical findings to social support and computer-mediated communication theory","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.3.309","article-title":"The demographics, motivations, and derived experiences of users of massively multi-user online graphical environments","volume":"15","author":"Yee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791618301095?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791618301095?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:26:25Z","timestamp":1757755585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005791618301095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0005791618301095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Virtual social support buffers stress response: An experimental comparison of real-life and virtual support prior to a social stressor","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}