{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:36:16Z","timestamp":1784306176431,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T08:03:16Z","timestamp":1678435396000},"page":"101728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The relevance of dysfunctional reasoning to OCD and its treatment: Further evidence for inferential confusion utilizing a new task-based measure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Louis-Philippe","family":"Baraby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lysandre","family":"Bourguignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Aardema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2020.100558","article-title":"COVID-19, obsessive-compulsive disorder and invisible life forms that threaten the self","volume":"26","author":"Aardema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib2","series-title":"Defining inferential confusion and its associated reasoning components: A working group summary","author":"Aardema","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.464","article-title":"Inferential confusion, cognitive change and treatment outcome in Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Aardema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of feared possible selves in obsessive\u2013compulsive and related disorders: A comparative analysis of a core cognitive self-construct in clinical samples","author":"Aardema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.05.005","article-title":"Fear of self and obsessionality: Development and validation of the fear of self questionnaire","volume":"2","author":"Aardema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1891\/jcop.17.1.23.58270","article-title":"Seeing white bears that are not there: Inference processes in obsessions","volume":"17","author":"Aardema","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1891\/088983907781494573","article-title":"The menace within: Obsessions and the self","volume":"21","author":"Aardema","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2024","article-title":"The inference\u2010based approach (IBA) to the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: An open trial across symptom subtypes and treatment\u2010resistant cases","volume":"24","author":"Aardema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.02.003","article-title":"Inferential confusion in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: The inferential confusion questionnaire","volume":"43","author":"Aardema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.581","article-title":"Inferential confusion, obsessive beliefs and obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms: A multidimensional investigation of cognitive domains","volume":"15","author":"Aardema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib11","series-title":"Feared possible selves in cognitive-behavioral theory: An analysis of its historical and empirical context, and introduction of a working model","author":"Aardema","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib12","article-title":"Reduced fear\u2010of\u2010self is associated with improvement in concerns related to repugnant obsessions in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","author":"Aardema","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20729","article-title":"Imaginative, dissociative, and schizotypal processes in obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms","volume":"67","author":"Aardema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-009-9157-x","article-title":"The expanded version of the inferential confusion questionnaire: Further development and validation in clinical and non-clinical samples","volume":"32","author":"Aardema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.03.004","article-title":"The relationship of inferential confusion and obsessive beliefs with specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Aardema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib16","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2020.100593","article-title":"Dysfunctional reasoning processes and their relationship with feared self-perceptions and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: An investigation with a new task-based measure of inferential confusion","volume":"28","author":"Baraby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib19","series-title":"Beck depression inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib20","series-title":"The self in understanding and treating psychological disorders","first-page":"8","article-title":"The self-concept: Theory and research","author":"Bhar","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib21","article-title":"Open trial of inference\u2010based therapy in the treatment of compulsive hoarding","volume":"6","author":"Blais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9398-6","article-title":"The validity and specificity of the short-form of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ)","volume":"36","author":"Fergus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib23","series-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","volume":"4","author":"Field","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib24","series-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders, research version (SCID-5-RV)","author":"First","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib25","series-title":"Exposure and response (ritual) prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Therapist guide","author":"Foa","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.1.12","article-title":"Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research","volume":"59","author":"Jacobson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2015.34.10.839","article-title":"The role of fear of self and responsibility in obsessional doubt processes: A bayesian hierarchical model","volume":"34","author":"Jaeger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.060","article-title":"The inference-based approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comprehensive review of its etiological model, treatment efficacy, and model of change","volume":"202","author":"Julien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib29","series-title":"Questionnaire sur la Sant\u00e9","author":"Kirouac","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s007370170004","article-title":"Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders","volume":"4","author":"Lochner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Women's Mental Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1950","article-title":"Fear of self and unacceptable thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Melli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.11.006","article-title":"Repugnant obsessions: A review of the phenomenology, theoretical models, and treatment of sexual and aggressive obsessional themes in OCD","volume":"3","author":"Moulding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191110376490","article-title":"The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ): Examination in nonclinical samples and development of a short version","volume":"18","author":"Moulding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib34","series-title":"The clinician's OCD manual: Inference based therapy","author":"O'Connor","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib35","series-title":"Beyond reasonable doubt: Reasoning processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders","author":"O'Connor","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2009.05.001","article-title":"An inference-based approach to treating obsessive-compulsive disorders","volume":"16","author":"O'Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib37","series-title":"A transdiagnostic approach to obsessions, compulsions and related phenomena","article-title":"Innovative cognitive-behavioural treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder","author":"O'Connor","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2020.101614","article-title":"Reality check: An experimental manipulation of inferential confusion in eating disorders","volume":"70","author":"Ouellet-Courtois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.08.001","article-title":"Assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A review of self-report measures","volume":"1","author":"Overduin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22173","article-title":"Schizotypal, dissociative, and imaginative processes in a clinical OCD sample","volume":"71","author":"Paradisis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.04.005","article-title":"The importance of importance in OCD memory research","volume":"35","author":"Radomsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.08.007","article-title":"The Vancouver obsessional compulsive inventory (VOCI)","volume":"42","author":"Thordarson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116638410","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-5 anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders","volume":"25","author":"Tolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.01.005","article-title":"Inverse reasoning processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Replication in a clinical sample","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.12.005","article-title":"Inverse reasoning processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791622000064?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791622000064?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:29:52Z","timestamp":1757755792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005791622000064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0005791622000064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The relevance of dysfunctional reasoning to OCD and its treatment: Further evidence for inferential confusion utilizing a new task-based measure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101728","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101728"}}