{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T21:44:28Z","timestamp":1793828668326,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T12:40:53Z","timestamp":1679488853000},"page":"101855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Memory confidence and memory accuracy deterioration following repeated checking: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-6684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Abbasi Jondani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fariba","family":"Yazdkhasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3828-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Abedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.01.002","article-title":"The cognitive neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review","volume":"5","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.004","article-title":"The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions","volume":"34","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.10.001","article-title":"Believe in yourself: Manipulating beliefs about memory causes checking","volume":"49","author":"Alcolado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.02.009","article-title":"A novel cognitive intervention for compulsive checking: Targeting maladaptive beliefs about memory","volume":"53","author":"Alcolado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib5","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9087-9","article-title":"Attentional focus during repeated checking influences memory but not metamemory","volume":"31","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib7","series-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib8","series-title":"Comprehensive meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2013"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.03.009","article-title":"Deteriorating memory confidence, responsibility perceptions and repeated checking: Comparisons in OCD and control samples","volume":"45","author":"Boschen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.05.001","article-title":"Attenuating memory distrust in a repeated checking task","volume":"49","author":"Boschen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.12.002","article-title":"Examining heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence for subgroups based on motivations","volume":"45","author":"Bragdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2020.101573","article-title":"Not all checking decreases memory confidence: Implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"69","author":"Burns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.08.001","article-title":"Exploring the boundaries of memory distrust from repeated checking: Increasing external validity and examining thresholds","volume":"44","author":"Coles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2012.07.002","article-title":"The treatment of mental contamination: A case series","volume":"20","author":"Coughtrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.05.005","article-title":"Perseveration causes automatization of checking behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"71","author":"Dek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.03.009","article-title":"Repeated checking causes distrust in memory but not in attention and perception","volume":"48","author":"Dek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.07.001","article-title":"Automatization and familiarity in repeated checking","volume":"3","author":"Dek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.045314","article-title":"Automatization and familiarity in repeated checking: A replication","volume":"6","author":"Dek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib19","series-title":"Clinical handbook of mindfulness","author":"Didonna","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib20","article-title":"Not just right experiences as ironic result of perseverative checking","author":"van Dis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.09.008","article-title":"The impact of compulsive cleaning on confidence in memory and cleanliness","volume":"25","author":"Fowle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib23","series-title":"The effects of a brief mindfulness induction on metamemory following repeated checking","author":"Gelfand","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.02.001","article-title":"Perseveration induces dissociative uncertainty in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"52","author":"Giele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib25","series-title":"To check or not to check: A test of a cognitive theory of compulsive checking","author":"Haring","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib26","first-page":"S85","article-title":"Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions","volume":"61","author":"Hezel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.09.002","article-title":"Perseverative and compulsive-like staring causes uncertainty about perception","volume":"46","author":"van den Hout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00097-9","article-title":"Phenomenological validity of an OCD-memory model and the remember\/know distinction","volume":"41","author":"van den Hout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00012-8","article-title":"Repeated checking causes memory distrust","volume":"41","author":"van den Hout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.04.007","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and the paradoxical effects of perseverative behaviour on experienced uncertainty","volume":"35","author":"van den Hout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.11.006","article-title":"OCD-like checking in the lab: A meta-analysis and improvement of an experimental paradigm","volume":"20","author":"van den Hout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0602-7","article-title":"Abnormalities of confidence in psychiatry: An overview and future perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Hoven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib33","series-title":"Treating obsessions with competitive memory training: A pilot study","author":"Korrelboom","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib34","series-title":"The effects of repeated checking on memory and metamemory in older people and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)","author":"Lattimer","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000004","article-title":"Seeking proxies for internal states in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"123","author":"Lazarov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.07.002","article-title":"Did I turn off the stove? Good inhibitory control can protect from influences of repeated checking","volume":"44","author":"Linkovski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.12.007","article-title":"Stop checking: Repeated checking and its effects on response inhibition and doubt","volume":"53","author":"Linkovski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.01.004","article-title":"Cognitive restructuring and detached mindfulness: Comparative impact on a compulsive checking task","volume":"5","author":"Ludvik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/bec.2013.16","article-title":"Further evidence that repeated checking leads to reduced memory confidence, vividness and detail: New evidence that repeated object exposure also results in memory distrust","volume":"30","author":"Medway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behaviour Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct_2015_8_02","article-title":"Assessing the effects of depressed mood and cognitive control training on memory confidence and accuracy following repeated checking","volume":"8","author":"Moshier","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Therapy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.07.010","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory\u2014Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version","volume":"43","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-018-0008-y","article-title":"Excessive reassurance seeking and cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Orr","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib43","series-title":"Behavior and cognitive therapy today","first-page":"209","article-title":"A cognitive theory of obsessions","author":"Rachman","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00028-6","article-title":"A cognitive theory of compulsive checking","volume":"40","author":"Rachman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.03.005","article-title":"Don't even think about checking: Mental checking causes memory distrust","volume":"41","author":"Radomsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.05.008","article-title":"When more is less: Doubt, repetition, memory, metamemory, and compulsive checking in OCD","volume":"59","author":"Radomsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.02.005","article-title":"Repeated checking really does cause memory distrust","volume":"44","author":"Radomsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112850","article-title":"Cognitive therapy for compulsive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot trial","volume":"286","author":"Radomsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00079-6","article-title":"Memory bias, confidence and responsibility in compulsive checking","volume":"39","author":"Radomsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638","article-title":"The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results","volume":"86","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"15","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib52","series-title":"Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry","author":"Sadock","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib53","series-title":"Mental checking and the influence on memory confidence","author":"Schalekamp","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.5640010107","article-title":"Doubt reduction using distinctive stimuli as a treatment for compulsive checking: An exploratory investigation","volume":"1","author":"Tallis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2016.04.002","article-title":"Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder check excessively in response to mild uncertainty","volume":"47","author":"Toffolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.09.001","article-title":"Check, check, double check: Investigating memory deterioration within multiple sessions of repeated checking","volume":"53","author":"Toffolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855_bib57","series-title":"Does repeated checking really cause memory distrust? Improving the computer task","author":"van Woudenberg","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791623000228?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791623000228?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:30:24Z","timestamp":1757755824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005791623000228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0005791623000228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Memory confidence and memory accuracy deterioration following repeated checking: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101855","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101855"}}