{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:01:51Z","timestamp":1780030911147,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001721","name":"Rijksuniversiteit Groningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:47:55Z","timestamp":1774486075000},"page":"102103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Undoing death: Counterfactual thinking and emotional adaptation to bereavement"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6109-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten C.","family":"Eisma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonne F.","family":"van der Laan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nynke","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marije","family":"Doornbos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Epstude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2025.2506208","article-title":"Counterfactual thinking within the first year after sexual assault: Examining associations with posttraumatic stress reactions in the (Norwegian) TRUST-study","volume":"16","author":"Blix","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.75.2.277","article-title":"Treatment of complicated grief: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling","volume":"75","author":"Boelen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324834BASP2504_1","article-title":"Counterfactual thinking, blame assignment, and well-being in rape victims","volume":"25","author":"Branscombe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.04.010","article-title":"Upward counterfactual thinking and depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Broomhall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1600","article-title":"Treating prolonged grief disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Bryant","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102375","article-title":"Risk factors for prolonged grief symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Buur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167295212002","article-title":"The undoing of traumatic life events","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674231154206","article-title":"Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR: Challenges and controversies","volume":"57","author":"Eisma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23124","article-title":"Prolonged grief symptoms and lingering attachment predict approach behavior toward the deceased","volume":"38","author":"Eisma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.07.007","article-title":"Upward and downward counterfactual thought after loss: A multiwave controlled longitudinal study","volume":"52","author":"Eisma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2190544","article-title":"Co-occurrence of approach and avoidance in prolonged grief: A latent class analysis","volume":"14","author":"Eisma","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2019.1584293","article-title":"No pain, no gain: Cross-lagged analyses of posttraumatic growth and anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress and prolonged grief symptoms after loss","volume":"32","author":"Eisma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress & Coping"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12067","article-title":"Adaptive and maladaptive rumination after loss: A three-wave longitudinal study","volume":"54","author":"Eisma","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/02682621.2017.1349291","article-title":"Rumination following bereavement: An overview","volume":"36","author":"Eisma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bereavement Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550614546048","article-title":"Regret and counterfactual thinking in the face of inevitability: The case of HIV-positive men","volume":"6","author":"Epstude","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868308316091","article-title":"The functional theory of counterfactual thinking","volume":"12","author":"Epstude","year":"2008","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib17","series-title":"Grief and cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy: The reconstruction of meaning. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care","author":"Fleming","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1468709","article-title":"Blame, PTSD and DSM-5: An urgent need for clarification","volume":"9","author":"Greene","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23061","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between prolonged grief symptoms and depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Janshen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-020-10156-7","article-title":"\u201cWhat might have been\u2026\u201d: Counterfactual thinking, psychological symptoms and posttraumatic growth when a loved one is missing","volume":"45","author":"Kennedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000884","article-title":"Grief-focused cognitive behavioral therapies for prolonged grief symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Komischke-Konnerup","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100140","article-title":"Co-occurrence of prolonged grief symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress in bereaved adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Komischke-Konnerup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017905","article-title":"From what might have been to what must have been: Counterfactual thinking creates meaning","volume":"98","author":"Kray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0247-2","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the self-report version of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR16) questionnaire in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Lako","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152281","article-title":"Valid measurement of DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder and DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 prolonged grief disorder: The Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report plus (TGI-SR+)","volume":"112","author":"Lenferink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868319853895","article-title":"Implications for reward processing in differential responses to loss: Impacts on attachment hierarchy reorganization","volume":"23","author":"LeRoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2020.1820412","article-title":"Longitudinal intercorrelations between complicated grief and posttraumatic growth among suicide survivors","volume":"26","author":"Levi-Belz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302275","article-title":"Counterfactuals, emotions, and context","volume":"17","author":"Mandel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0703_04","article-title":"A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking","volume":"7","author":"Markman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000356","article-title":"\u201cI could have been dead\u201d: Counterfactual thinking and posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals directly exposed to the 2011 Oslo bombing","volume":"28","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Traumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-009-9135-3","article-title":"Grief therapy and the reconstruction of meaning: From principles to practice","volume":"40","author":"Neimeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2019.1679959","article-title":"\"If only\u2026\": Counterfactual thinking in bereavement","volume":"45","author":"Neimeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.4.585","article-title":"\"If only I weren't\" versus \"If only I hadn't\": Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking","volume":"67","author":"Niedenthal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6-10","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2013.782928","article-title":"Developing the yearning in situations of loss scale: Convergent and discriminant validity for bereavement, romantic breakup, and homesickness","volume":"38","author":"O'Connor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.712066","article-title":"The efficacy of downward counterfactual thinking for regulating emotional memories in anxious individuals","volume":"12","author":"Parikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2015.1110447","article-title":"Yearning and its measurement in complicated grief","volume":"21","author":"Robinaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Loss & Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aesp.2017.02.001","article-title":"The functional theory of counterfactual thinking: New evidence, new challenges, new insights","volume":"56","author":"Roese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205274693","article-title":"What we regret most\u2026 and why","volume":"31","author":"Roese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.035","article-title":"Efficacy of an outpatient treatment for prolonged grief disorder: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"167","author":"Rosner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01866-8","article-title":"The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression","volume":"54","author":"Rush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701884996","article-title":"Development and validation of the counterfactual thinking for negative events scale","volume":"90","author":"Rye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0892","article-title":"Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"73","author":"Shear","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0746-y","article-title":"Ruminative coping as avoidance: A reinterpretation of its function in adjustment to bereavement","volume":"257","author":"Stroebe","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9603","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61816-9","article-title":"Health outcomes of bereavement","volume":"370","author":"Stroebe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213152","article-title":"Rumination in bereaved parents: Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS)","volume":"14","author":"Sveen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205276064","article-title":"Looking on the bright side: Downward counterfactual thinking in response to negative life events","volume":"31","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01789.x","article-title":"The role of counterfactual thinking and causal attribution in accident\u2010related judgments","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-022-09979-6","article-title":"Motivational consequences of counterfactual mindsets: Does counterfactual structure influence the use of conservative or risky tactics?","volume":"47","author":"Winter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.01.008","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology - A critical review and introduction of a two component model","volume":"26","author":"Zoellner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791626000182?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005791626000182?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:09:47Z","timestamp":1780027787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005791626000182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0005791626000182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Undoing death: Counterfactual thinking and emotional adaptation to bereavement","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2026.102103","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102103"}}