{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:45:57Z","timestamp":1788479157653,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Business Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T01:48:44Z","timestamp":1631584124000},"page":"626-633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Money or love? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer life goals and subjective well-being"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4023-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenhan","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S1057-7408(16)30089-4","article-title":"Personality and values based materialism: Their relationship and origins","volume":"12","author":"Ahuvia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327663jcp1403_2","article-title":"The urge to splurge: A terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior","volume":"14","author":"Arndt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1086\/208515","article-title":"Materialism: Traits aspects of living in the material world","volume":"12","author":"Belk","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0025","series-title":"The structure of psychological well-being","author":"Bradburn","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104346","article-title":"COVID-19, lockdowns and well-being: evidence from google trends","volume":"193","author":"Brodeur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1086\/344429","article-title":"Materialism and well-being: A conflicting values perspective","volume":"29","author":"Burroughs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01183858","article-title":"Anticipatory anxiety and risk perception","volume":"11","author":"Butler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucaa036","article-title":"In times of trouble: A framework for understanding consumers' responses to threats","volume":"47","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.10016","article-title":"Materialism as an attempt to cope with uncertainty","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychology and Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1509\/jppm.13.050","article-title":"Poverty and materialism: A look at impoverished versus affluent children","volume":"33","author":"Chaplin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00383.x","article-title":"Social exclusion and the desire to reconnect","volume":"5","author":"DeWall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0307-6","article-title":"Advances in subjective well-being research","volume":"2","author":"Diener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.06.008","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on business and research","volume":"117","author":"Donthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.12.008","article-title":"Common methods variance detection in business research","volume":"69","author":"Fuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760601069051","article-title":"Interpersonal relationships and irrationality as predictors of life satisfaction","volume":"2","author":"Froh","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galoni, C., Carpenter, G. S., & Rao, H. (2020). Disgusted and afraid: consumer choices under the threat of contagious disease.Journal of Consumer Research, 47(3), 373\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcr\/ucaa025.","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucaa025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasser, T., & Ahuvia, A. (2002). Materialistic values and well-being in business students.European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(1), 137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.85.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.85"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.2.410","article-title":"A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration","volume":"65","author":"Kasser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296223006","article-title":"Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals","volume":"22","author":"Kasser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00269","article-title":"Of wealth and death: Materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behavior","volume":"11","author":"Kasser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.82.6.887","article-title":"Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness","volume":"82","author":"Kenny","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0115","article-title":"Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"291","author":"Killgore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ausmj.2020.07.001","article-title":"Impact of the perceived threat of COVID-19 on variety-seeking","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.028","article-title":"I'll trade you diamonds for toilet paper: Consumer reacting, coping and adapting behaviors in the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"117","author":"Kirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.034","article-title":"The future of business education: A commentary in the shadow of the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"117","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.3.275","article-title":"Structural equation models of latent interactions: Evaluation of alternative estimation strategies and indicator construction","volume":"9","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0140","series-title":"Motivation and personality","author":"Maslow","year":"1954"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1086\/656667","article-title":"Social exclusion causes people to spend and consume strategically in the service of affiliation","volume":"37","author":"Mead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.03.020","article-title":"Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction","volume":"45","author":"Mellor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.11.028","article-title":"Anxiety and risky decision-making: The role of subjective probability and subjective costs of negative events","volume":"43","author":"Mitte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0160","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the P.R. China. (2020). http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/Accessed 10 May 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2012.10.008","article-title":"Residential mobility increases motivation to expand social network: But why?","volume":"49","author":"Oishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000358","article-title":"Testing prospective effects in longitudinal research: Comparing seven competing cross-lagged models","volume":"120","author":"Orth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1745","article-title":"Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany","volume":"10","author":"Petzold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000660","article-title":"Risk and resilience in family well-being during the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Prime","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619849666","article-title":"Happiness and social behavior","volume":"30","author":"Quoidbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/209304","article-title":"A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation","volume":"19","author":"Richins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/595718","article-title":"The safety of objects: Materialism, existential insecurity, and brand connection","volume":"36","author":"Rindfleisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-008-9081-5","article-title":"Psychological threat and extrinsic goal striving","volume":"32","author":"Sheldon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Motivation & Emotion"},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.059","article-title":"Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behavior: will the old habits return or die?","volume":"117","author":"Sheth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2012.08.010","article-title":"Reconceptualizing materialism as identity goal pursuits: Functions, processes, and consequences","volume":"66","author":"Shrum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000662","article-title":"Effects of the covid-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes towards government, and wellbeing","volume":"75","author":"Sibley","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"4799","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3563507","article-title":"Perception of risk","volume":"236","author":"Slovic","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-070620-111818","article-title":"Social influence and group identity","volume":"72","author":"Spears","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0235","unstructured":"Stockdrill, R. (2020). Is China set to rescue Tiffany &Co\u2019s bottom line?. Insideretail. https:\/\/insideretail.asia\/2020\/06\/09\/is-china-set-to-rescue-tiffany-cos-bottom-line\/ Accessed 9 June 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0240","unstructured":"Tucker, H. (2020). Coronavirus bankruptcy tracker: These major companies are failing amid the shutdown. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/hanktucker\/2020\/05\/03\/ coronavirus-bankruptcy-tracker-these-major-companies-are-failing-amid-the- shutdown\/#5649f95d3425\/ Accessed 3 May 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0245","unstructured":"WHO. (2020). Investing in mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. https:\/\/www.who.int\/westernpacific\/news\/feature-stories\/detail\/investing-in-mental-health-during-the-covid-19-pandemic\/ Accessed 16 August 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0250","unstructured":"Williams R., Hong J., & Bloomberg. (2020). Chinese luxury industry rebounds from coronavirus thanks to \u2018revenge spending. Fortune. https:\/\/fortune.com\/2020\/03\/12\/chinese-luxury-industry-rebounds-coronavirus-revenge-spending\/ Accessed 12 March 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0255","unstructured":"WTO. (2020). How COVID-19 is changing the world. https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/covid19_e\/ccsa_publication_e.pdf\/ Accessed 30 April 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0979-2","article-title":"A single-level random-effects cross-lagged panel model for longitudinal mediation analysis","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10478400802587679","article-title":"Social Support and Money as Pain Management Mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Business Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0148296321006056?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0148296321006056?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T07:47:02Z","timestamp":1758959222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0148296321006056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0148296321006056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-2963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-2963","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Money or love? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer life goals and subjective well-being","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Business Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.08.044","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}