{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:23:52Z","timestamp":1793301832473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jcehepatology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T11:59:27Z","timestamp":1655899167000},"page":"1557-1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Immunosuppressive Drugs in Liver Transplant: An Insight"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4193-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Panackel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe F.","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Fawas N","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020517","article-title":"Liver transplantation in adults","volume":"2","author":"Van Thiel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002650","article-title":"No gains in long-term survival after liver transplantation over the past three decades","volume":"269","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10018-1301","article-title":"Update on immunosuppression in liver transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Tasdogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021744","article-title":"Chronic renal failure after transplantation of a nonrenal organ","volume":"349","author":"Ojo","year":"2003","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002147","article-title":"International liver transplantation society consensus statement on immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients","volume":"102","author":"Charlton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20680","article-title":"The effect of HLA class I (A and B) and class II (DR) compatibility on liver transplantation outcomes: an analysis of the OPTN database","volume":"12","author":"Navarro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.163527","article-title":"Immunosuppression for liver transplantation","volume":"58","author":"Geissler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1192058","article-title":"Unique aspects of rejection and tolerance in liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Knechtle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03843","article-title":"T-cell receptor triggering is critically dependent on the dimensions of its peptide-MHC ligand","volume":"436","author":"Choudhuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20406","article-title":"Basic concepts in transplant immunology","volume":"11","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.1.164-171.2003","article-title":"CD3\/CD28 costimulation-induced NF-kappaB activation is mediated by recruitment of protein kinase C-theta, Bcl10, and IkappaB kinase beta to the immunological synapse through CARMA1","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140424","article-title":"Current concepts in cell-mediated hepatic allograft rejection leading to ductopenia and liver failure","volume":"14","author":"Wiesner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra033540","article-title":"Immunosuppressive drugs for kidney transplantation","volume":"351","author":"Halloran","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00044067-199905000-00011","article-title":"Overview of transplantation immunology and the pharmacotherapy of adult solid organ transplant recipients: focus on immunosuppression","volume":"10","author":"Bush","year":"1999","journal-title":"AACN Clin Issues"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22410","article-title":"Present state of immunosuppressive therapy in liver transplant recipients","volume":"17","author":"Wiesner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12100","article-title":"Induction immunosuppression in liver transplantation: a review","volume":"26","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib17","first-page":"CD010253","article-title":"Antibody induction versus placebo, no induction, or another type of antibody induction for liver transplant recipients","author":"Penninga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8589402","article-title":"ABO-incompatible adult living donor liver transplantation in the era of rituximab: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2012.01.051","article-title":"Bortezomib is effective to treat acute humoral rejection after liver transplantation","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib20","article-title":"Efficacy of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin for steroid-resistant acute rejection after liver transplantation","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.03.030","article-title":"Treatment of steroid-resistant acute liver transplant rejection with basiliximab","volume":"37","author":"Fernandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.10.003","article-title":"Acute and chronic rejection after liver transplantation: what A clinician needs to know","volume":"7","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12119","article-title":"Completely steroid-free immunosuppression in liver transplantation: a randomized study","volume":"27","author":"Ramirez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02493.x","article-title":"Delayed introduction of reduced-dose tacrolimus, and renal function in liver transplantation: the 'ReSpECT' study","volume":"9","author":"Neuberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21185","article-title":"Short-term induction therapy with anti-thymocyte globulin and delayed use of calcineurin inhibitors in orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Soliman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e32832b45d0","article-title":"Alemtuzumab and liver transplantation: a review","volume":"14","author":"Dhesi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002291","article-title":"Belatacept in solid organ transplant: review of current literature across transplant types","volume":"102","author":"Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1149-x","article-title":"Anti-thymocyte globulin for the treatment of acute cellular rejection following liver transplantation","volume":"55","author":"Schmitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199706270-00012","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective randomized trial comparing interleukin-2 receptor antibody versus antithymocyte globulin as part of a quadruple immunosuppressive induction therapy following orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"63","author":"Langrehr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199904150-00013","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, double-blinded comparison of Thymoglobulin versus Atgam for induction immunosuppressive therapy in adult renal transplant recipients","volume":"67","author":"Brennan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2007.00463.x","article-title":"Short-term versus long-term induction therapy with antithymocyte globulin in orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Soliman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i10.1355","article-title":"Review on immunosuppression in liver transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Moini","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2006.00343.x","article-title":"The evolving role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) for immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Magliocca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000142674.78268.01","article-title":"Use of alemtuzumab and tacrolimus monotherapy for cadaveric liver transplantation: with particular reference to hepatitis C virus","volume":"78","author":"Marcos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199301000-00017","article-title":"OKT3 rescue for steroid-resistant rejection in adult liver transplantation","volume":"55","author":"Solomon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.10.110","article-title":"Basiliximab induction in adult liver transplant recipients with 93% rejection-free patient and graft survival at 24 months","volume":"38","author":"Ramirez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2011.01250.x","article-title":"Outcome of induction immunosuppression for liver transplantation comparing anti-thymocyte globulin, daclizumab, and corticosteroid","volume":"24","author":"Uemura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20144","article-title":"Interleukin-2 receptor antibody (basiliximab) for immunosuppressive induction therapy after liver transplantation: a protocol with early elimination of steroids and reduction of\u00a0tacrolimus dosage","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib39","first-page":"46","article-title":"Immunosuppression in liver transplant","author":"Di Maira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.4225","article-title":"Overview of immunosuppression in liver transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Pillai","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(97)00464-8","article-title":"Three-year follow-up of the European multicenter tacrolimus (FK506) liver study","volume":"29","author":"Pichlmayr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199808270-00014","article-title":"A\u00a0long-term comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) versus cyclosporine in liver transplantation: a report of the United States FK506 Study Group","volume":"66","author":"Wiesner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11196-2","article-title":"Tacrolimus versus microemulsified ciclosporin in liver transplantation: the TMC randomized controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"O'Grady","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1159\/000351648","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity: a review and perspective of the evidence","volume":"37","author":"Issa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib45","first-page":"CD005161","article-title":"Cyclosporin versus tacrolimus for liver transplanted patients","volume":"4","author":"Haddad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04140.x","article-title":"Tacrolimus trough levels, rejection and renal impairment in liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Rodr guez-Per lvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20112","article-title":"C2 monitoring of cyclosporine in de novo liver transplant recipients: the clinician's perspective","volume":"10","author":"Villamil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000387","article-title":"Once-daily tacrolimus in liver transplantation: a 'me-too drug', or a therapeutic advantage","volume":"22","author":"Trune\u010dka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1247-1","article-title":"Pharmacology and toxicology of mycophenolate in organ transplant recipients: an update","volume":"88","author":"Staatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.23356","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized double-blind comparative study of mycophenolate mofetil and Azathioprine in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids in primary liver transplant recipients","volume":"7","author":"Wiesner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04065-4","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy in liver transplantation","volume":"357","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1130515","article-title":"The inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis by mycophenolic acid","volume":"113","author":"Franklin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.1996.tb00651.x","article-title":"Purine metabolism and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)","volume":"10","author":"Allison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200005150-00025","article-title":"Improvement of acute and chronic renal dysfunction in liver transplant patients after substitution of calcineurin inhibitors by mycophenolate mofetil","volume":"69","author":"Barkmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31816bf3fe","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetilrelated gastrointestinal mucosal injury: variable injury patterns, including graft-versus-host disease-like changes","volume":"32","author":"Parfitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2010.08.066","article-title":"Patterns of injury in mycophenolate mofetil-related colitis","volume":"42","author":"Al-Absi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra033540","article-title":"Immunosuppressive drugs for kidney transplantation","volume":"351","author":"Halloran","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2014.05.002","article-title":"Focus on mTOR inhibitors and tacrolimus in renal transplantation: pharmacokinetics, exposure-response relationships, and clinical outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Shihab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001438","article-title":"Use of everolimus in liver transplantation: recommendations from a working group","volume":"101","author":"De Simone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199902270-00002","article-title":"Sirolimus: a potent new Immunosuppressant for liver transplantation","volume":"67","author":"Watson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib61","first-page":"464","article-title":"Rapamune Liver Transplant Study Group. Sirolimus immunotherapy results in reduced rates of acute rejection in de novo orthotopic liver transplant recipients","volume":"2","author":"Wiesner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"3 suppl l","key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(03)00234-3","article-title":"Sirolimus in liver transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Trotter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20707","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of everolimus in de novo liver transplant recipients: 12- and 36-month results","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12280","article-title":"H2304 Study Group. Renal function at two years in liver transplant patients receiving everolimus: results of a randomized, multicenter study","volume":"13","author":"Saliba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12615","article-title":"Everolimus and early calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal: 3-year results from a randomized trial in liver transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Sterneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03128.x","article-title":"Early withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitors and everolimus monotherapy in de novo liver transplant recipients preserves renal function","volume":"10","author":"Masetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04049.x","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, controlled study to assess the conversion from calcineurin-inhibitors to everolimus after liver transplantation \u2013 PROTECT","volume":"12","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04212.x","article-title":"Everolimus with reduced tacrolimus improves renal function in de novo liver transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"De Simone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21827","article-title":"Conversion from a calcineurin inhibitor to everolimus therapy in maintenance liver transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial","volume":"15","author":"De Simone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03919.x","article-title":"Sirolimus Liver Conversion Trial Study Group. Sirolimus conversion regimen versus continued calcineurin inhibitors in liver allograft recipients: a randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Abdelmalek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12744","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of five\u00a0yr shows superior renal function with everolimus plus early\u00a0calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal in the PROTECT randomized liver transplantation study","volume":"30","author":"Sterneck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26298","article-title":"Early everolimus-facilitated reduced tacrolimus in liver transplantation: results from the randomized HEPHAISTOS trial","volume":"28","author":"Nashan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003394","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of everolimus with reduced tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: 24-month results from the pooled analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib74","first-page":"335","article-title":"Everolimus plus minimized tacrolimus on kidney function in liver transplantation: REDUCE, a prospective, randomized controlled study","volume":"114","author":"G\u00f3mez-Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25879","article-title":"Time to conversion to an everolimus-based regimen: renal outcomes in liver transplant recipients from the EVEROLIVER registry","volume":"26","author":"Saliba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23437","article-title":"Sirolimus-based immunosuppression is associated with increased survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Toso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12372","article-title":"Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are associated with lower rates of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.9.2.247","article-title":"mTOR inhibitors for hepatocellular cancer: a forward-moving target","volume":"9","author":"Treiber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000965","article-title":"Sirolimus use in liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter, open-label phase 3 trial","volume":"100","author":"Geissler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24395","article-title":"Effects of maintenance immunosuppression with sirolimus after liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Yanik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0202-128","article-title":"Rapamycin inhibits primary and metastatic tumor growth by antiangiogenesis: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"8","author":"Guba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000184006.43152.8D","article-title":"Maintenance immunosuppression with target-of-rapamycin inhibitors is associated with a reduced incidence of de novo malignancies","volume":"80","author":"Kauffman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.09.013","article-title":"Risk of de novo cancers after transplantation: results from a cohort of 7217 kidney transplant recipients, Italy 1997\u20132009","volume":"49","author":"Piselli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02272.x","article-title":"Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor dyslipidemia in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"8","author":"Kasiske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.02.021","article-title":"Long-term medical management of the liver transplant recipient: what the primary care physician needs to know","volume":"87","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000555","article-title":"Three-year outcomes in de novo liver transplant patients receiving everolimus with reduced tacrolimus: follow-up results from a randomized, multicenter study","volume":"99","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib87","first-page":"659","article-title":"Homotransplantation of the liver in humans","volume":"117","author":"Starzl","year":"1963","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.07.023","article-title":"Influence of steroids on HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: a prospective study","volume":"47","author":"Vivarelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2017.1330884","article-title":"Emerging drugs for prevention of T-cell mediated rejection in liver and kidney transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expet Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10091-5","article-title":"Immunosuppressive regimens for adult liver transplant recipients in real-life practice: consensus recommendations from an Italian Working Group","volume":"14","author":"Cillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22410","article-title":"Present state of immunosuppressive therapy in liver transplant recipients","volume":"17","author":"Wiesner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000234905.56926.7f","article-title":"Induction immunosuppression","volume":"82","author":"Kirk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.04.005","article-title":"Current status of immunosuppression in liver transplantation","volume":"3","author":"Choudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-011-0159-8","article-title":"Liver transplantation-economics in the less developed world","volume":"31","author":"Saigal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50102","article-title":"Early steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation: the Canadian tacrolimus versus microemulsion cyclosporin A trial: 1-year follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Greig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280306","article-title":"Acute hepatic allograft rejection: incidence, risk factors, and impact on outcome","volume":"28","author":"Wiesner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13909","article-title":"Comprehensive update of the BanffWorking Group on liver allograft pathology: introduction of antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"16","author":"Demetris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.07.035","article-title":"Acute rejection increases risk of graft failure and death in recent liver transplant recipients","volume":"15","author":"Levitsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199211000-00010","article-title":"Late-onset acute rejection in orthotopic liver transplantation\u2014associated risk factors and outcome","volume":"54","author":"Mor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182845f6c","article-title":"Late acute\u00a0liver\u00a0allograft rejection; a study of its natural history and graft survival in the current era","volume":"95","author":"Thurairajah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(04)07","article-title":"Prognostic factors for the evolution and reversibility of chronic rejection in pediatric liver transplantation","volume":"71","author":"Tannuri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200006150-00019","article-title":"Chronic liver allograft rejection in a population treated primarily with tacrolimus as baseline immunosuppression: long-term follow-up and evaluation of features for histopathological staging","volume":"69","author":"Blakolmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23788","article-title":"Antibody-mediated rejection as a contributor to previously unexplained early liver allograft loss","volume":"20","author":"O'Leary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000275","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of\u00a0liver allograft antibody-mediated rejection and the role of the \"two-hit hypothesis\"","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib105","first-page":"479","article-title":"Donor-specific HLAantibody- mediated humoral rejection in a liver transplant recipient fully reversed with plasmapheresis and immunoglobulin","author":"Schadde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04126.x","article-title":"Bortezomib for acute antibody mediated rejection in liver transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Paterno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.3426","article-title":"Early plasmapheresis and rituximab for acute humoral rejection after ABO-compatible liver transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Kamar","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14001","article-title":"Eculizumab therapy for chronic antibody-mediated injury in kidney transplant recipients: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000969","article-title":"Is minimal, [almost] steroid-free immunosuppression a safe approach in adult liver\u00a0transplantation? Long-term outcome of a prospective, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, investigator-driven study","volume":"260","author":"Lerut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31819009c9","article-title":"Tacrolimus monotherapy in liver transplantation: one-year results of a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"248","author":"Lerut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2011.01512.x","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy in liver transplant recipients","volume":"25","author":"Kriss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12872","article-title":"Everolimus with early withdrawal or reduced-dose calcineurin inhibitors improves renal function in liver transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12514","article-title":"Lack of agreement for defining 'clinical suspicion of rejection' in liver transplantation: a model to select candidates for liver biopsy","volume":"28","author":"Rodriguez-Peralvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0973688322001591?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0973688322001591?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T06:08:24Z","timestamp":1760854104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0973688322001591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0973688322001591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-6883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-6883","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immunosuppressive Drugs in Liver Transplant: An Insight","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.06.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Indian National Association for Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}