{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:20:25Z","timestamp":1776824425840,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jcehepatology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:28:48Z","timestamp":1768202928000},"page":"103470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gallbladder Cancer Risk Factors in Northeast India: A Mixed-method Integration of Population Attributable Fractions With Global Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Christy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjana","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vismitha","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Battu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haripriya R.","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munlima","family":"Hazarika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajesh K.","family":"Veettil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7480-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna","family":"Undela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00153-7","article-title":"Biliary tract cancer","volume":"397","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.02.007","article-title":"Global burden of gallbladder cancer in 2022 and predictions to 2042","volume":"57","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1384314","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and trends analysis of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer from 1990 to 2019 and predictions to 2030: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2019.85166","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer","volume":"5","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib6","series-title":"Profile of Cancer and Related Health Indicators in the North East Region of India","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib7","series-title":"Press_Release_Cancer_Report_Ncdir. North Eastern States of India Have a High Burden of Cancer According to a Report Released by ICMR-NCDIR","first-page":"1","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_347_20","article-title":"Cancer scenario in north-east India & need for an appropriate research agenda","volume":"154","author":"Shanker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35232","article-title":"Global variations in gallbladder cancer incidence: what do recorded data and national estimates tell us?","volume":"156","author":"Pi\u00f1eros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2011.06.002","article-title":"Candidate gene studies in gallbladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"728","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2019.08.13","article-title":"Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and genetic risk associations","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020234","article-title":"Environmental and lifestyle risk factors in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder cancer","volume":"12","author":"P\u00e9rez-Moreno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3978","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i22.3978","article-title":"Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: recent update","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0926","article-title":"Chronic exposure to drinking water arsenic and gallbladder cancer risk: preliminary evidence from endemic regions of India","volume":"32","author":"Shridhar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_201_19","article-title":"Risk factors for gallbladder cancer development in northern India: a gallstones-matched, case\u2013control study","volume":"154","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2019.08.03","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in India","volume":"8","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib17","first-page":"281","article-title":"Household cooking fuel and gallbladder cancer risk: a multi-centre case\u2013control study in India","volume":"35","author":"Shridhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Causes and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32952","article-title":"Mustard oil consumption, cooking method, diet and gallbladder cancer risk in high- and low-risk regions of India","volume":"147","author":"Mhatre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-012-9458-2","article-title":"Association of mustard oil as cooking media with carcinoma of the gallbladder","volume":"44","author":"Dixit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001565","article-title":"Why and how epidemiologists should use mixed methods","volume":"34","author":"Houghton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299659","article-title":"Study protocol for a mixed methods approach to optimize colorectal cancer screening in Malaysia: integrating stakeholders insights and knowledge-to-action framework","volume":"19","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/nae2.12039","article-title":"A nine-step pathway to conduct an umbrella review of literature","volume":"32","author":"Cant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Author & Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2023.12.1.3","article-title":"Introduction to umbrella reviews as a useful evidence-based practice","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Lipid Atheroscler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0062-5","article-title":"Population attributable fractions continue to unmask the power of prevention editorial","volume":"118","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-016-0085-5","article-title":"Population attributable and preventable fractions: cancer risk factor surveillance, and cancer policy projection","volume":"3","author":"Shield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"Amstar 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.19.1690","article-title":"What's the relative risk?: a method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib29","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.20.00122","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020: report from national cancer registry programme, India","author":"Mathur","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.07.046","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for gallbladder cancer: field-wide systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Piovani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101063","article-title":"Adherence to mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz039","article-title":"Effects of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"Lapumnuaypol","year":"2019","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib47","first-page":"296","article-title":"Association between estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) genetic variations and cancer risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J BUON"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12655","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the relationship between chronic Salmonella typhi carrier status and gall-bladder cancer","volume":"39","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32681","article-title":"Should we consider gallbladder cancer a new smoking-related cancer? A comprehensive meta-analysis focused on dose\u2013response relationships","volume":"146","author":"Lugo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.579","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"Bagnardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.915","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and gallbladder cancer: a case\u2013control study and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Koshiol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021011","article-title":"Association between gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220152","article-title":"Risk of developing gallbladder cancer in patients with gallbladder polyps detected on transabdominal ultrasound: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Foley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16477","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, its components, and gastrointestinal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 31 prospective cohorts and Mendelian randomization study","volume":"39","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib55","first-page":"837","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and increased risk of biliary tract cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2011.06.002","article-title":"Candidate gene studies in gallbladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"728","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2014.960934","article-title":"Association between chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Recept Signal Transduct Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib32","first-page":"245","article-title":"The inflammatory inception of gallbladder cancer","volume":"1865","author":"Espinoza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl210009","article-title":"Increased risk of cancer after cholecystectomy: a nationwide cohort study in Korea including 123,295 patients","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221092751","article-title":"Areca nut and oral cancer: evidence from studies conducted in humans","volume":"101","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract13020030","article-title":"Carcinogenic effects of areca nut and its metabolites: a review of the experimental evidence","volume":"13","author":"Senevirathna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib36","first-page":"160","article-title":"Risk for oral cancer from smokeless tobacco","volume":"18","author":"Janbaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib37","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Cancer risks from betel quid chewing beyond oral cancer: a multiple-site carcinogen when acting with smoking","volume":"21","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2019.85166","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer","volume":"5","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34389","article-title":"Sex disparities in cancer: an ongoing quest","volume":"128","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34390","article-title":"Sex disparities in the incidence of 21 cancer types: quantification of the contribution of risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4103\/sajc.sajc_37_18","article-title":"Geographical pattern of carcinoma gallbladder in Bihar and its association with river ganges and arsenic levels: retrospective individual consecutive patient data from regional cancer centre","volume":"7","author":"Madhawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"South Asian J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2022.08.001","article-title":"Arsenic and cancer: evidence and mechanisms","volume":"96","author":"Speer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1379470","article-title":"Impact of consumption of repeatedly heated cooking oils on the incidence of various cancers- A critical review","volume":"59","author":"Ganesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0973688326000022?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0973688326000022?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:40:02Z","timestamp":1773906002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0973688326000022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0973688326000022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-6883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-6883","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gallbladder Cancer Risk Factors in Northeast India: A Mixed-method Integration of Population Attributable Fractions With Global Evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2026.103470","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Indian National Association for Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103470"}}