{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:41:28Z","timestamp":1761716488213,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["304\/PPSG\/6139046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/PPSG\/6139046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HOMO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T01:31:41Z","timestamp":1370827901000},"page":"296-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dento-facial relationships in individuals with normal occlusion"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Ali R.","family":"Al-Khatib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainul A.","family":"Rajion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam\u2019an M.","family":"Masudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rozita","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant C.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2002.126095","article-title":"Inner canthal distance and geometric progression as a predictor of maxillary central incisor width","volume":"88","author":"Abdullah","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2011.01529.x","article-title":"Tooth size and dental arch dimensions: a stereophotogrammetric study in Southeast Asian Malays","volume":"14","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1597\/11-151","article-title":"Stereophotogrammetric analysis of naso-labial morphology among Asian Malays: influence of age and sex","volume":"49","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0020","first-page":"22","article-title":"Validity and reliability of tooth size and dental arch measurements: a stereo photogrammetric study","volume":"28","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. Orthod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.119682","article-title":"The relationship between intercanthal dimension and the widths of maxillary anterior teeth","volume":"86","author":"Al-Wazzan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.odw.2009.01.001","article-title":"Heritability of dental and skeletal cephalometric variables in monozygous and dizygous Iranian twins","volume":"68","author":"Amini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthodont. Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0040","first-page":"154","article-title":"Relation of maxillary and mandibular intercuspid width to bizygomatic and bigonial breaths","volume":"48","author":"Andria","year":"1978","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2319\/R.1","article-title":"Mandibular first molar relation to variable lower face skeletal components","volume":"77","author":"Andria","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0050","first-page":"361","article-title":"Correlation of the cranial base angle and its components with other dental\/skeletal variables and treatment time","volume":"74","author":"Andria","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2319\/0003-3219(2008)078[0662:AROTMC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females","volume":"78","author":"Andrews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1053\/sodo.2001.25424","article-title":"Integrated three-dimensional craniofacial mapping: background, principles, and perspectlves","volume":"7","author":"Baumrind","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.05.055","article-title":"Heritability of facial proportions and soft-tissue profile characteristics in Turkish Anatolian siblings","volume":"131","author":"Baydas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)80022-4","article-title":"Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age","volume":"111","author":"Bishara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0075","first-page":"261","article-title":"A study of maximum bite force during growth and development","volume":"66","author":"Braun","year":"1996","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0544.2001.040303.x","article-title":"A quantitative genetic study of cephalometric variables in twins","volume":"4","author":"Carels","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthod. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.10.035","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions after rapid palatal expansion","volume":"126","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2005.09.012","article-title":"The anatomy of the aging face: volume loss and changes in 3-dimensional topography","volume":"26","author":"Coleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2001.00878.x","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to variation in human tooth size","volume":"86","author":"Dempsey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2004.07.006","article-title":"Genetic contribution to dental arch size variation in Australian twins","volume":"49","author":"Eguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0105","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face","first-page":"3","article-title":"Examination","author":"Farkas","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1998)035<0009:PEOAET>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of an electromagnetic three-dimensional digitizer in facial anthropometry","volume":"35","author":"Ferrario","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjm113","article-title":"Relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in untreated adults","volume":"30","author":"Forster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2006.00019_1.x","article-title":"Correlation between facial measurements and the mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior teeth","volume":"18","author":"Gomes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2008.00227.x","article-title":"Interalar distance to estimate the combined width of the six maxillary anterior teeth in oral rehabilitation treatment","volume":"21","author":"Gomes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2004.05.006","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of facial soft-tissue asymmetry before and after orthognathic surgery","volume":"42","author":"Hajeer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.04.010","article-title":"Accounting for measurement error: a critical but often overlooked process","volume":"54","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2005.10.007","article-title":"An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth: facial and dental proportions","volume":"94","author":"Hasanreisoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b454bd","article-title":"Picture perfect? Reliability of craniofacial anthropometry using three-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry","volume":"124","author":"Heike","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.01.017","article-title":"Three-dimensional dental arch and palatal form changes after extraction and nonextraction treatment. Part 3. Transversal and sagittal palatal form","volume":"126","author":"Heiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345600390022301","article-title":"Errors and discrepancies in measurement of tooth size","volume":"39","author":"Hunter","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.07.033","article-title":"Heritability of craniofacial characteristics between parents and offspring estimated from lateral cephalograms","volume":"127","author":"Johannsdottir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0180","first-page":"773","article-title":"Measuring adult facial morphology in three dimensions","volume":"76","author":"Kau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(89)90162-5","article-title":"A multivariate approach to analyzing the relation between occlusion and craniofacial morphology","volume":"95","author":"Keeling","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.20.100191.001401","article-title":"The role of genetics in craniofacial morphologh and growth","volume":"20","author":"Kohn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.03.023","article-title":"Completing the 3-dimensional picture","volume":"133","author":"Lane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0200","series-title":"Craniofacial Stereo Mapping: Improving Accuracy with Natural Points","first-page":"3","author":"Majid","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0205","first-page":"42","article-title":"Natural features technique for non-contact three dimensional craniofacial anthropometry using stereophotogrammetry","volume":"1","author":"Majid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Orofac. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70301-9","article-title":"Heritability of 39 orthodontic cephalometric parameters on MZ, DZ twins and MN-paired singletons","volume":"111","author":"Manfredi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.2319\/111008-570","article-title":"A photographic system for the three-dimensional study of facial morphology","volume":"79","author":"Menezes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01556727","article-title":"A theoretical analysis of the functional matrix","volume":"18","author":"Moss","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Biotheor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90493-6","article-title":"Hereditary factors in the craniofacial morphology of Angle's Class II and Class III malocclusions","volume":"82","author":"Nakasima","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.10.034","article-title":"Relationship between rapid maxillary expansion and nasal cavity size and airway resistance: short- and long-term effects","volume":"134","author":"Oliveira De Felippe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0235","first-page":"175","article-title":"Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth","volume":"48","author":"Proffit","year":"1978","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345830620051201","article-title":"Occlusal forces in normal- and long-face adults","volume":"62","author":"Proffit","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit","key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0245"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00485-8","article-title":"Growth at puberty","volume":"31","author":"Rogol","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0255","first-page":"253","article-title":"Two-dimensional vs three-dimensional assessment of soft tissue facial profile: a non invasive study in 6-year-old healthy children","volume":"56","author":"Sforza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1108\/02602280010372368","article-title":"Human body 3D imaging by speckle texture projection photogrammetry","volume":"20","author":"Siebert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjh069","article-title":"Molar bite force in relation to occlusion, craniofacial dimensions, and head posture in pre-orthodontic children","volume":"27","author":"Sonnesen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0270","series-title":"Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Craniofacial growth and development: current understanding and clinical considerations","author":"Spalding","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.06.009","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on human dental variation: a critical evaluation of studies involving twins","volume":"54","author":"Townsend","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0290","first-page":"759","article-title":"Relationship between mandibular anterior crowding and lateral dento-facial morphology in the early mixed dentition","volume":"74","author":"Turkkahraman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0295","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dental and alveolar arch asymmetries in normal occlusion and Class II Division 1 and Class II subdivision malocclusions","volume":"10","author":"Uysal","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2006.00134.x","article-title":"Nasal width as a guide for the selection of maxillary complete denture anterior teeth in four racial groups","volume":"15","author":"Varjao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2006.01.003","article-title":"Masticatory function and malocclusion: a clinical perspective","volume":"12","author":"Varrela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)81331-9","article-title":"The interaction between soft tissues and the sagittal development of the dentition and the face","volume":"104","author":"Verdonck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200605000-00015","article-title":"Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry","volume":"17","author":"Weinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1597\/03-066.1","article-title":"Digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: evaluation of anthropometric precision and accuracy using a Genex 3D camera system","volume":"41","author":"Weinberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."}],"container-title":["HOMO"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0018442X13000875?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0018442X13000875?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T03:02:19Z","timestamp":1539745339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0018442X13000875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0018442X13000875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchb.2013.04.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-442X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-442X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}}}