{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:56:37Z","timestamp":1791615397527,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JACC: Heart Failure"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T16:28:04Z","timestamp":1689784084000},"page":"290-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Metabolic Vulnerability Index"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Conners","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungnam","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila M.","family":"Manemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan T.","family":"Remaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Otvos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margery A.","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzette J.","family":"Bielinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9479-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Turecamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9347-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique L.","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9164(96)80047-9","article-title":"Basic mechanisms in heart failure: the cytokine hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Seta","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Card Fail"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.014","article-title":"Inflammation in heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"75","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1067-7","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in heart failure: an updated review","volume":"20","author":"Schumacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq091","article-title":"Galectin-3, cardiac structure and function, and long-term mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00232-2","article-title":"Chronic heart failure: an example of a systemic chronic inflammatory disease resulting in cachexia","volume":"85","author":"Conraads","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33000","article-title":"New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcopenia in chronic heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584102","article-title":"The Seattle Heart\u00a0Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure","volume":"113","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs337","article-title":"Predicting survival in heart failure: a risk score based on 39 372 patients from 30 studies","volume":"34","author":"Pocock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.854877","article-title":"A\u00a0validated risk score for in-hospital mortality in patients with heart failure from the American Heart Association get with the guidelines program","volume":"3","author":"Peterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00001-6","article-title":"Multimarkers of metabolic malnutrition and inflammation and their association with mortality risk in cardiac catheterisation patients: a prospective, longitudinal, observational, cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Otvos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.08.012","article-title":"History of the Rochester Epidemiology Project: half a century of medical records linkage in a US population","volume":"87","author":"Rocca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx268","article-title":"Data resource profile: expansion of the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records-linkage system (E-REP)","volume":"47","author":"Rocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001542","article-title":"Activities of daily living and outcomes in heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Dunlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.849299","article-title":"Prognostic value of biomarkers in heart failure: application of novel methods in the community","volume":"2","author":"Dunlay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.11.016","article-title":"Prospective recruitment of patients with congestive heart failure using an ad-hoc binary classifier","volume":"38","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197112232852601","article-title":"The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study","volume":"285","author":"McKee","year":"1971","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A\u00a0new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd10.120239","article-title":"Defining and measuring chronic conditions: imperatives for research, policy, program, and practice","volume":"10","author":"Goodman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib19","series-title":"Multiple chronic conditions\u2014a strategic framework: optimum health and quality of life for individuals with multiple chronic conditions","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01424-2","article-title":"The extended lipid panel assay: a clinically-deployed high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance method for the simultaneous measurement of lipids and apolipoprotein B","volume":"19","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.261636","article-title":"A\u00a0novel protein glycan-derived inflammation biomarker independently predicts cardiovascular disease and modifies the association of HDL subclasses with mortality","volume":"63","author":"McGarrah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.012","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein subclass measurements improve mortality risk prediction, discrimination and reclassification in a cardiac catheterization cohort","volume":"246","author":"McGarrah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.232918","article-title":"GlycA: a composite nuclear magnetic resonance biomarker of systemic inflammation","volume":"61","author":"Otvos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.01.002","article-title":"Relations of GlycA and lipoprotein particle subspecies with cardiovascular events and mortality: a post hoc analysis of the AIM-HIGH trial","volume":"12","author":"Otvos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.044221","article-title":"HDL in the 21st century: a multifunctional roadmap for future HDL research","volume":"143","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.364","article-title":"Review of survival analyses published in cancer journals","volume":"72","author":"Altman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-21","article-title":"Against quantiles: categorization of continuous variables in epidemiologic research, and its discontents","volume":"12","author":"Bennette","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310210","article-title":"Graphics and statistics for cardiology: clinical prediction rules","volume":"103","author":"Woodward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4154","article-title":"On the C-statistics for evaluating overall adequacy of risk prediction procedures with censored survival data","volume":"30","author":"Uno","year":"2011","journal-title":"State Med"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz835","article-title":"Sex differences in heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.11.039","article-title":"Reverse epidemiology of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.05.005","article-title":"Obesity and the obesity paradox in heart failure","volume":"61","author":"Horwich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46642","article-title":"Serum concentration of HDL particles predicts mortality in acute heart failure patients","volume":"7","author":"Poto\u010dnjak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.059","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein particle subfractions in heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction","volume":"73","author":"Hunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82861-6","article-title":"Particle size and cholesterol content of circulating HDL correlate with cardiovascular death in chronic heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Teis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.07.019","article-title":"GlycA and GlycB as inflammatory markers in chronic heart failure","volume":"181","author":"Cediel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42937-w","article-title":"Serum concentrations of citrate, tyrosine, 2- and 3- hydroxybutyrate are associated with increased 3-month mortality in acute heart failure patients","volume":"9","author":"Stryeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111251","article-title":"Plasma amino acid abnormalities in chronic heart failure. Mechanisms, potential risks and targets in human myocardium metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Aquilani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601242","article-title":"Evaluation of cumulative prognostic scores based on the systemic inflammatory response in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"89","author":"Forrest","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12625","article-title":"The inflammation-based modified Glasgow prognostic score is associated with survival in stable heart failure patients","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94525-6","article-title":"Inflammation-based assessment for the risk stratification of mortality in patients with heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Itagaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2331","article-title":"Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: a bad idea","volume":"25","author":"Royston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"7549","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7549.1080","article-title":"The cost of dichotomising continuous variables","volume":"332","author":"Altman","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.07.012","article-title":"Associations of GlycA and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with measures of lipolysis in adults with obesity","volume":"14","author":"Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.251710","article-title":"Plasma branched-chain amino acids and incident cardiovascular disease in the PREDIMED trial","volume":"62","author":"Ruiz-Canela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.118.002157","article-title":"Circulating branched-chain amino acids and incident cardiovascular disease in a prospective cohort of U.S. women","volume":"11","author":"Tobias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-018-0037-2","article-title":"Quantifying the added value of new biomarkers: how and how not","volume":"2","author":"Cook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.011","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.04.004","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000}}],"container-title":["JACC: Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213177923003153?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213177923003153?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:04:34Z","timestamp":1761973474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213177923003153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213177923003153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-1779"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-1779","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Metabolic Vulnerability Index","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JACC: Heart Failure","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier on behalf of the","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}