{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:56:12Z","timestamp":1792616172770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M720684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M720684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2023B004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2023B004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22305031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22305031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22475056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22475056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T13:48:05Z","timestamp":1743601685000},"page":"137486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Liquid-to-gel transitions of phase-separated coacervate microdroplets enabled by endogenous enzymatic catalysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"692","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.7","article-title":"Biomolecular condensates: organizers of cellular biochemistry","volume":"18","author":"Banani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.02.004","article-title":"Protein phase separation: a new phase in cell biology","volume":"28","author":"Boeynaems","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.07.135","article-title":"Surface-catalyzed liquid-liquid phase separation and amyloid-like assembly in microscale compartments","volume":"676","author":"Luca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.027","article-title":"Stress-triggered phase separation is an adaptive, evolutionarily tuned response","volume":"168","author":"Riback","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172046","article-title":"Germline P granules are liquid droplets that localize by controlled dissolution\/condensation","volume":"324","author":"Brangwynne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.047","article-title":"Coexisting liquid phases underlie nucleolar subcompartments","volume":"165","author":"Feric","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-020-0465-9","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein aggregation nucleates through liquid-liquid phase separation","volume":"12","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.08.006","article-title":"Targeting of biomolecular condensates to the autophagy pathway","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201798049","article-title":"Tau protein liquid-liquid phase separation can initiate tau aggregation","volume":"37","author":"Wegmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.10.030","article-title":"ALS\/FTD mutation-induced phase transition of FUS liquid droplets and reversible hydrogels into irreversible hydrogels impairs RNP granule function","volume":"88","author":"Murakami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.015","article-title":"Phase separation by low complexity domains promotes stress granule assembly and drives pathological fibrillization","volume":"163","author":"Molliex","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0060","article-title":"Liquid phase condensation in cell physiology and disease","volume":"357","author":"Shin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.013","article-title":"The expanding amyloid family: structure, stability, function, and pathogenesis","volume":"184","author":"Sawaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.047","article-title":"A liquid-to-solid phase transition of the ALS protein FUS accelerated by disease mutation","volume":"162","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10042","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02499","article-title":"RNA-based coacervates as a model for mmembrane-less organelles: formation, properties, and interfacial liposome assembly","volume":"32","author":"Aumiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11713","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC05098B","article-title":"Construction of coacervates in proteinosome hybrid microcompartments with enhanced cascade enzymatic reactions","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8941","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.3c00628","article-title":"Biomolecule-based coacervates with modulated physiological functions","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC01483H","article-title":"Self-immobilization of coacervate droplets by enzyme-mediated hydrogelation","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b01271","article-title":"Selective uptake and refolding of globular proteins in coacervate microdroplets","volume":"32","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC07113K","article-title":"Coacervate microdroplets incorporating J-aggregates toward photoactive membrane-less protocells","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10048","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01694","article-title":"Membranization of coacervates into artificial phagocytes with predation toward bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c04153","article-title":"Plasmonic coacervate as a droplet-based SERS platform for rapid enrichment and microanalysis of hydrophobic payloads","volume":"96","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5950","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201914893","article-title":"Reversible pH-responsive coacervate formation in lipid vesicles activates dormant enzymatic reactions","volume":"59","author":"Love","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9736","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703145","article-title":"Microfluidic formation of monodisperse coacervate organelles in liposomes","volume":"56","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0125","article-title":"Photoswitchable molecular communication between programmable DNA-based artificial membraneless organelles","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0130","article-title":"Continuous transformation from membrane-less coacervates to membranized coacervates and giant vesicles: toward multicompartmental protocells with complex (membrane) architectures","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0135","article-title":"Phase-separated spiropyran coacervates as dual-wavelength-switchable reactive oxygen generators","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0140","article-title":"Coacervate microdroplets as synthetic protocells for cell mmimicking and signaling communications","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-024-01267-5","article-title":"Coacervation-enhanced peptide catalysis","volume":"7","author":"Jan-Stefan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.4c00114","article-title":"How droplets can accelerate reactions-coacervate protocells as catalytic microcompartments","volume":"57","author":"Smokers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0155","article-title":"Coacervates as models of membrane-less organelles","volume":"52","author":"Yewdalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165908","article-title":"Liquid-liquid phase separation in crowded environments","volume":"21","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7332","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM01285C","article-title":"Rheological characterization of liquid-to-solid transitions in bulk polyelectrolyte complexes","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b03567","article-title":"Oligonucleotide-peptide complexes: phase control by hybridization","volume":"140","author":"Vieregg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20380","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b10892","article-title":"Intermolecular charge-transfer modulates liquid-liquid phase separation and liquid-to-solid maturation of an intrinsically disordered pH-responsive domain","volume":"141","author":"Dogra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c00406","article-title":"Essential role of thiols in maintaining stable catecholato-iron complexes in condensed materials","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54463-z","article-title":"Phase-separating peptide coacervates with programmable material properties for universal intracellular delivery of macromolecules","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9493","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SM01091D","article-title":"Shape transformations in peptide-DNA coacervates driven by enzyme-catalyzed deacetylation","volume":"20","author":"van Haren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0195","article-title":"Spatial organization in proteinaceous membrane-stabilized coacervate protocells","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/syst.202100006","article-title":"Reversible light-responsive coacervate microdroplets with rapid regulation of enzymatic reaction rate","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemSystemsChem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.202400995","article-title":"Artificial cell wall: from maintenance of cell viability to boosting new cellular functionalities","volume":"43","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.12.132","article-title":"Biotic communities inspired proteinosome-based aggregation for enhancing utilization rate of enzyme","volume":"635","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2021.11.011","article-title":"Programmable spatial organization of liquid phase condensations","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1021\/cr990121l","article-title":"Enzymatic polymerization","volume":"101","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0225","first-page":"37","article-title":"Enzymatic preparation of streptavidin-immobilized hydrogel using a phenolated linear poly(ethylene glycol)","volume":"76","author":"Moriyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.06.009","article-title":"Stress-dependent condensate formation regulated by the ubiquitin-related modifier Urm1","volume":"187","author":"Cairo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.02.038","article-title":"Cytoplasmic TDP-43 de-mixing independent of stress granules drives inhibition of nuclear import, loss of nuclear TDP-43, and cell death","volume":"102","author":"Gasset-Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14594","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201909228","article-title":"Photo-switchable phase separation and oligonucleotide trafficking in DNA coacervate micro-droplets","volume":"58","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1110","article-title":"Peptide-nucleotide microdroplets as a step towards a membrane-free protocell model","volume":"3","author":"Koga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29851-y","article-title":"Coacervation in polyzwitterion-polyelectrolyte systems and their potential applications for gastrointestinal drug delivery platforms","volume":"13","author":"Margossian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12008","article-title":"Simplified equation to extract diffusion coefficients from confocal FRAP data","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.0c00330","article-title":"Transcription and translation in cytomimetic protocells perform most efficiently at distinct macromolecular crowding conditions","volume":"9","author":"Vibhute","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002197972500877X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002197972500877X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T12:46:25Z","timestamp":1745844385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002197972500877X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S002197972500877X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Liquid-to-gel transitions of phase-separated coacervate microdroplets enabled by endogenous enzymatic catalysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137486","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"137486"}}